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6,335 results for “direct”
Wind speed and direction on Godwin Island, 2013-2014
A RM Young wind sensor was installed on top of a oyster hut located on Godwin Island and mean wind speed and direction measurements were made every 10 minutes. Elevation was approximately 5 meters above mean sea level.
Data of 'Estimating Wind Speed and Direction Using Wave Spectra'
<p>This set contains data of a Spotter wave buoy deployment and of the RMSE of wind speed and direction estimates as described in 'Estimating Wind Speed and Direction Using Wave Spectra', submitted for review to Journal of Geophysical Research.</p>
Supporting Information for Synthesis of elaborate benzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives through a combination of 8-aminoquinoline directed C–H arylations and transamidations.revised
<p>Supporting Information for Synthesis of elaborate benzofuran-2-carboxamide derivatives through a combination of 8-aminoquinoline directed C–H arylations and transamidations.</p>
Metop-B direct readout data and products from SMHI, Norrköping, Sweden, March 10th, 2020, 11 UTC
<p>Metop-B direct readout data and products from SMHI, Norrköping, Sweden, March 10th, 2020, 11:19 UTC</p>
Metop-B direct readout data and products from SMHI, Norrköping, Sweden, March 10th, 2020
<p>Metop-B direct readout data and cloud products received and derived at SMHI, Norrköping, Sweden. Data are from 07:59 to 08:13 UTC March 10th, 2020</p>
FIGURE 2. A in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Eleutherodactylidae) from the Pacific lowlands of Guerrero, Mexico
FIGURE 2. A) Details of hand, and B) feet of the holotype of Eleutherodactylus erythrochomus (MZFC 33964). Scale bar = 2 mm.
Direct loading of nanoparticles under high vacuum into a Paul trap for levitodynamical experiments
<p>Mechanical oscillators based on levitated particles are promising candidates for sensitive detectors and platforms for testing fundamental physics. The targeted quality factors for such oscillators correspond to extremely low damping rates of the center-of-mass motion, which can only be obtained if the particles are trapped in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV). In order to reach such low pressures, a noncontaminating method of loading particles in a UHV environment is necessary. However, loading particle traps at pressures below the viscous flow regime is challenging due to the conservative nature of trapping forces and reduced gas damping. We demonstrate a technique that allows us to overcome these limitations and load particles into a Paul trap at pressures as low as 4 10–7 mbar. The method is based on laser-induced acoustic desorption of nanoparticles from a metallic foil and temporal control of the Paul trap potential. We show that the method is highly efficient: More than half of the trapping attempts are successful. Moreover, since trapping attempts can be as short as a few milliseconds, the technique provides high throughput of loaded particles. Finally, the efficiency of the method does not depend on pressure, indicating that the method should be extensible to UHV</p>
Understanding the Differences in the Unit Tests Produced by Humans and Coverage-Directed Automated Generation
<p>Automated test generation - the use of tools to create all or part of test cases - has a critical role in controlling the cost of testing. A particular area of focus in automated test generation research is unit testing. Unit tests are intended to test the functionality of a small isolated unit of code - typically a class. </p> <p>In automated test generation research, it is not abnormal to compare the effectiveness of the test cases generated by automation to those written by humans. Indeed, a common premise of automation research - implicitly or explicitly - is that effective automation can replace human effort. The hypothesis postulated is that, if we make enough advances, a tool could replace the tremendous effort expended by a human tester to create those unit tests. </p> <p>This observation leads to two natural questions. Do the tests produced by humans and automation differ in the types of faults they detect? If so, in what ways are the tests produced and the faults detected different? Understanding when and how to deploy automation requires a clearer understanding of how the tests produced by humans and automation are different, and how those differences in turn affect the ability of those test cases to detect faults. Insight into the differences between human and automation-produced test cases could lead not only to improvements in the ability of automation to replace human effort, but improvements in our ability to use automation to augment human effort. The goal of this study is to explore and attempt to quantify those differences. </p> <p>In this study, we make use of the EvoSuite test generation framework for Java. We generate test suites targeting two configurations - a traditional single-criterion configuration targeting Branch Coverage over the source code and a more sophisticated multi-objective configuration targeting eight criteria. Controlling for coverage level, we compare the suites generated by EvoSuite to those written by humans for five mature, popular open-source systems in terms of both their syntactic structure and their ability to detect 45 different types of faults. Our goal is not to declare a "winner'", but to identify the areas where humans and automation differ in their capabilities, and - in turn - to make recommendations on how human and automation effort can be combined to overcome gaps in the coverage of the other. We aim to identify lessons that will improve human practices, lead to the creation of more effective automation, and present natural opportunities to both augment and replace human effort. </p>
Recording of one directional marketplace traffic
<p>The recording was created with the General Purpose Network Testing Framework:</p> <p><a href="https://github.com/vs-uulm/General-Purpose-Network-Testing-Framework">https://github.com/vs-uulm/General-Purpose-Network-Testing-Framework</a></p>
3D lookup tables for helium-graphene interaction for uniaxially strained graphene in the armchair direction
<p>Data files containing the 3D lookup tables for the helium-graphene Lennard Jones interaction for uniaxially strained graphene in the armchair direction from 0$\AA$ to 10$\AA$. Path integral Monte Carlo simulations can be performed using these data files and our open source code located <a href="https://code.delmaestro.org/">here</a>.</p>
Directional Room Impulse Response Measurement - PhD Thesis Data
<p>Room acoustic simulation result database for the PhD thesis "Directional Room Impulse Response Measurement"</p>
Data from: Vestigial auriculomotor activity indicates the direction of auditory attention in humans
<p>Unlike dogs and cats, people do not point their ears as they focus attention on novel, salient, or task-relevant stimuli. Our species may nevertheless have retained a vestigial pinna-orienting system that has persisted as a "neural fossil" within in the brain for about 25 million years. Consistent with this hypothesis, we demonstrate that the direction of auditory attention is reflected in sustained electrical activity of muscles within the vestigial auriculomotor system. Surface electromyograms (EMGs) were taken from muscles that either move the pinna or alter its shape. To assess reflexive, stimulus-driven attention we presented novel sounds from speakers at four different lateral locations while the participants silently read a boring text in front of them. To test voluntary, goal-directed attention we instructed participants to listen to a short story coming from one of these speakers, while ignoring a competing story from the corresponding speaker on the opposite side. In both experiments, EMG recordings showed larger activity at the ear on the side of the attended stimulus, but with slightly different patterns. Upward movement (perking) differed according to the lateral focus of attention only during voluntary orienting; rearward folding of the pinna's upper-lateral edge exhibited such differences only during reflexive orienting. The existence of a pinna-orienting system in humans, one that is experimentally accessible, offers opportunities for basic as well as applied science.</p>
Data from: Predicting multivariate responses of sexual dimorphism to direct and indirect selection
<p>Sexual dimorphism is often assumed to result from balancing the strength of antagonistic selection in favor of dimorphism against the degree of constraint imposed by the shared genome of the sexes, reflected in the <b>B</b> matrix of genetic inter-sexual covariances. To investigate the totality of forces shaping dimorphism, we reparameterized the Lande equation to predict changes in trait averages and trait differences between the sexes. As genetic constraints on the evolution of dimorphism in response to antagonistic selection become larger, dimorphism will tend to respond more rapidly to concordant selection (which favors the same direction of change in male and female traits) than to antagonistic selection. When we apply this theory to four empirical estimates of <b>B</b> in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, the indirect responses of dimorphism to concordant selection are of comparable or larger magnitude than the direct responses of dimorphism to antagonistic selection in two suites<i> </i>of traits with typical levels of inter-sex correlation. Antagonistic selection is more important in two suites of traits where the inter-sex correlations are unusually low. This suggests that the evolution of sexual dimorphism may sometimes be dominated by concordant selection, rather than antagonistic selection. </p>
Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment"
<p>Dataset for "Observations of new particle formation, modal growth rates, and direct emissions of sub-10 nm particles in an urban environment". Each directory contains a README.md including descriptions in Markdown format.</p>
Data from: Headache study: The management of chronic headache with referral from primary care to direct access to Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) compared to Neurology services: an observational prospective study in London
<p><b>Objectives</b>. To evaluate the cost, accessibility and patient satisfaction implications of two clinical pathways used in the management of chronic headache.</p> <p><b>Intervention</b>. Management of chronic headache following referral from Primary Care that differed in the first appointment, either a Neurology appointment or an MRI brain scan.</p> <p><b>Design and setting</b>. A pragmatic, non-randomised, prospective, single-center study at a Central Hospital in London.</p> <p><b>Participants. </b>Adult patients with chronic headache referred from Primary to Secondary Care.</p> <p><b>Primary and secondary outcome measures.</b> Participants' use of health care services and costs were estimated using primary and secondary care databases and questionnaires quarterly up to 12 months post-recruitment. Cost analyses were compared using generalised linear models (GLM). Secondary outcomes assessed: access to care, patient satisfaction, headache burden and self-perceived quality of life using headache-specific (MIDAS, HIT-6) and a generic questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L).</p> <p><b>Results. </b>Mean (SD) cost up to 6 months post-recruitment per participant was £578 (£420) for the Neurology group (n=128) and £245 (£172) for the MRI group (n=95), leading to an estimated mean cost difference of £333 (95% CI £253 to £413, p<0.001). The mean cost difference at 12 months increased to £518 (95% CI £401 to £637, p<0.001). When adjusted for baseline and follow-up imbalances between groups, this remained statistically significant. The utilisation of brain MRI improved access to care compared to the Neurology group (p<0.001). Participants in the Neurology group reported higher levels of satisfaction associated with the pathway and led to greater change in care management.</p> <p><b>Conclusion. </b>Direct referral to brain MRI from Primary Care led to cost-savings and quicker access to care but lower satisfaction levels when compared with referral to Neurology services. Further research into the use of brain MRI for a subset of patient population more likely to be reassured by a negative brain scan should be considered.</p>
Genetic data improves niche model discrimination and alters the direction and magnitude of climate change forecasts
<p>Ecological niche models (ENMs) have classically operated under the simplifying assumptions that there are no barriers to gene flow, species are genetically homogeneous (i.e., no population-specific local adaptation), and all individuals share the same niche. Yet, these assumptions are violated for most broadly distributed species. Here we incorporate genetic data from the widespread riparian tree species narrowleaf cottonwood (<i>Populus angustifolia</i>) to examine whether including intraspecific genetic variation can alter model performance and predictions of climate change impacts. We found that (1) <i>P. angustifolia</i> is differentiated into six genetic groups across its range from México to Canada, and (2) different populations occupy distinct climate niches representing unique ecotypes. Comparing model discriminatory power, (3) all genetically-informed ecological niche models (gENMs) outperformed the standard species-level ENM (3-14% increase in AUC; 1-23% increase in pROC). Furthermore, (4) gENMs predicted large differences among ecotypes in both the direction and magnitude of responses to climate change, and (5) revealed evidence of niche divergence, particularly for the Eastern Rocky Mountain ecotype. (6) Models also predicted progressively increasing fragmentation and decreasing overlap between ecotypes. Contact zones are often hotspots of diversity that are critical for supporting species' capacity to respond to present and future climate change, thus predicted reductions in connectivity among ecotypes is of conservation concern. We further examined the generality of our findings by comparing our model developed for a higher elevation Rocky Mountain species with a related desert riparian cottonwood, <i>P. fremontii</i>. Together our results suggest that incorporating intraspecific genetic information can improve model performance by addressing this important source of variance. gENMs bring an evolutionary perspective to niche modeling and provide a truly "adaptive management" approach to support conservation genetic management of species facing global change.</p>
Marilao River Flow Direction
<p>Marilao River Flow Direction</p>
EB1 directly regulates APC-mediated actin nucleation
<p>Data and analysis files for "EB1 directly regulates APC-mediated actin nucleation" Published in Current Biology September, 2020.</p>
Data from: Disentangling direct and indirect determinants of the duration of maternal care in brown bears: environmental context matters
<p>The duration of maternal care, an important life history trait affecting population dynamics, varies greatly within species. Yet, our understanding of its predictors is limited, mostly correlative, and subject to misinterpretations, due to difficulties to disentangle the role of maternal- and offspring-related characteristics.</p> <p>We conducted path analysis on a dataset including 217 brown bear litters captured over a 29-year period in two populations in Sweden ("North" and "South") facing contrasting environmental conditions to identify and quantify the causes of variation in the duration of maternal care (1.5 years or 5 years).</p>
Experimentally measured group direct benefits according to worker density explain group living of the termite Reticulitermes chinensis
<p>The evolution of cooperation requires more benefits of group living than solitary lifestyle. However, to some degree, our understanding about the benefits is hindered by abstract debates over theoretical and experimental evidences of individual selection or group selection because it is difficult to examine the actual benefits at the group level. Moreover, group density is a crucial ecological factor which deeply affects group reproduction and survival, few studies have been performed in social insects. Here, we study the effects of worker density on group direct benefits in the termite species <i>Reticulitermes chinensis</i>. The termite <i>R.</i> <i>chinensis</i><i> </i>is<i> </i>an ideal model which lives with a high worker density in wood. We used the quantity of eggs and the total biomass (biomass of all group members) accumulation as two components of group benefits. We investigated the group benefits in the context of worker density according to eleven worker densities. And we measured the group benefits and the resource consumption with the same group members in two types of artificial nest areas. Moreover, we counted the stomodeal trophallaxis occurrences from any workers to queens under three worker densities to explore the degree of cooperation according to worker density. We found that both the number of eggs and the total biomass accumulation significantly increased with increasing worker density in groups. Furthermore, the consumption of resources was similar between groups with the same number of individuals gathered in small or large nest areas, but the production of eggs and the biomass accumulation were higher in groups of small nest areas than in large nest areas. Additionally, we found the stomodeal trophallaxis behavior significantly increased in higher worker density groups. Our results suggest that the group benefits influenced by the high worker density may at least partially explain the group living of eusocial insects in ecology.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.