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FIGURES 80–88 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 80–88. Gall forms induced by the Fergusobia/Fergusonina mutualism. 80: PG on leaf and petiole on S. luehmannii. 81: SBG on M. quinquenervia. 82: axial bud 'stem' galls on C. tessellaris. 83: FBG on E. eugenioides. 84: TLG on E. camaldulensis. 85: Bud galls on E. leucoxylon. 86: Unilocular axial bud gall on M. decora. 87: PG on leaf of E. pauciflora. 88: PG on leaf of E. gomphocephala. Scale bars 80–83 = 5mm; 84 = 1cm; 85–88 = 5mm

FIGURES 69–72 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 69–72. Scanning electron micrographs of lateral fields of parthenogenetic females of Fergusobia. 69: from E. gomphocephala PG. 70: from E. tereticornis TLG. 71: from E. viminalis 'leafy' LBG. 72: from E. gomphocephala PG. Scale bars 69–71 = 5 µm; 72 = 2 µm.

FIGURES 1–22 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 1–22. Habitus drawings of parthenogenetic females from Fergusobia clades inferred from sequences of D2/ D3. 1: F. magna from C. tessellaris axial bud 'stem' galls. 2: from M. linariifolia SBG. 3: from E. camaldulensis TLG. 4: from E. camaldulensis FBG. 5: from E. microcarpa FBG. 6: from E. delegatensis TLG. 7: from E. fasciculosa style gall. 8: from E. gomphocephala PG. 9: from E. planchoniana 'leafy' LBG. 10: from E. tereticornis PG. 11: from S. luehmannii PG. 12: F. ptychocarpae from C. ptychocarpa FBG. 13: from A. floribunda TLG. 14: F. fisheri from E. leucoxylon FLG. 15: from Corymbia sp. PG. 16: from E. camaldulensis axial bud 'stem' galls. 17: F. quinquenerviae from M. quinquenervia SBG. 18: from M. nervosa BSG. 19: from M. quinquenervia 'rosette' gall. 20: from E. obliqua FBG a. 21: from E. obliqua FBG b. 22: from E. viminalis 'leafy' LBG. Scale bars = 50µm.

FIGURES 62–68 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 62–68. Shield forms found on third stage larvae of Fergusonina fly species associated with Fergusobia nematodes. "Bars" form. 62: from E. delegatensis TLG. 63: from Eucalyptus sp. FLG. "Dots" form. 64: from E. porosa PG. 65: from E. viminalis ULBG. 66: from E. odorata FLG. 67: from E. siderophloia FLG. "Plates with teeth" form. 68: from E. cosmophylla TLG. Scale bars 62–67 = 0.02mm; 68= 0.2mm.

FIGURES 44–61 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 44–61. Habitus drawings of preparasitic infective females from Fergusobia clades inferred from sequences of D2/D3. 44: F. magna from C. tessellaris axial bud 'stem' galls. 45: from M. linariifolia 46 from E. camaldulensis TLG. 47: from E. camaldulensis FBG. 48: from E. microcarpa FBG. 49: from E. delegatensis TLG. 50: from E. fasciculosa style gall. 51: from E. gomphocephala PG. 52: from E planchoniana 'leafy' LBG. 53: from S. luehmannii PG. 54: F. ptychocarpae from C. ptychocarpa FBG. 55: from A. floribunda TLG. 56: F. fisheri from E. leucoxylon FLG. 57: from Corymbia sp. PG. 58: from E. camaldulensis axial bud 'stem' galls. 59: F. quinquenerviae from M. quinquenervia SBG. 60: from M. quinquenervia 'rosette' gall. 61: from E. viminalis 'leafy' LBG. Scale bars = 50µm.

FIGURES 23–43 in The nematode genus Fergusobia (Nematoda: Neotylenchidae): molecular phylogeny, descriptions of clades and associated galls, host plants and Fergusonina fly larvae 2633

FIGURES 23–43. Habitus drawings of males from Fergusobia clades inferred from sequences of D2/D3. 23: F. magna from C. tessellaris axial bud 'stem' galls. 24: from M. linariifolia ULBG. 25: from E. camaldulensis TLG. 26: from E. camaldulensis FBG. 27: from E. microcarpa FBG. 28: from E. delegatensis TLG. 29: from E. fasciculosa style gall. 30: from E. gomphocephala PG. 31: from E. planchoniana 'leafy' LBG. 32: from E. tereticornis PG. 33: from S. luehmannii PG. 34: F. ptychocarpae from C. ptychocarpa FBG. 35: from A. floribunda TLG. 36: F. fisheri from E. leucoxylon FLG. 37: from Corymbia sp. PG. 38: from E. camaldulensis axial bud 'stem' galls. 39: F. quinquenerviae from M. quinquenervia SBG. 40: from M. quinquenervia 'rosette' gall. 41: from E. obliqua FBGa. 42: from E. obliqua FBGb. 43: from E. viminalis 'leafy' LBG. Scale bars = 50µm.

Fig. 4 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 4. Collection and emergence dates for each of the 27 clades (putative species) of Synergus in this study. Dots indicate individual Synergus emergences; left-most margins of boxes demarcate the earliest gall collection that produced Synergus in each clade. In three cases, boxes with different border styles are used to indicate collection events from galls that occur at different times during the year, and which may indicate the use of temporally distributed gall hosts. Though galls were sometimes collected in different years, each collection was standardized to the year in which the gall first formed. Dates span>1 yr because some insects did not emerge from galls until more than a year after galls were collected.

Fig. 5 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 5. Collection dates, emergence dates, and gall morphologies of three species previously collected under the name Synergus laeviventris.The relationships (as implied by mtCOI) among the three species are shown in the tree at left. Red triangles denote collection dates for galls from which at least one S. laeviventris (black dots) later emerged, such that this figure allows for assessment of when S. laeviventris emerged relative to when their host galls were collected. Boxes are used to isolate distinct collection/eclosion relationships from one another, which we interpret as evidence for discrete generations. Gall wasp species are labeled above the photos of their respective galls (* indicates the photo is a cross-section). Dates are organized to reflect emergence of Synergus relative to when focal galls were formed by gall wasps, such that some Synergus emerge up to 1 yr after gall formation. Dates of eclosion are combined across the 3 yr of collection.

Fig. 1 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 1. Map of gall collections that yielded Synergus samples used in this study. For a list of samples, locations, and tree and gall associations, see SuppTable 2 (online only).

Fig. 3 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 3. Summary phylogenetic tree of Nearctic Synergus mtCOI sequences from this study (shown here collapsed into two clades) combined with Palearctic mtCOI sequences from Synergus and other inquilinous cynipids previously published in Ács et al. (2010). Values above the branches represent Bayesian posterior probabilities and the values below the branch are maximum likelihood bootstrap values. See Supp Figs. 48 and 49 (online only) for full trees.

Fig. 2 in Diversity, Host Ranges, and Potential Drivers of Speciation the Inquiline Enemies of Oak Gall Wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)

Fig. 2. Overview of all data used in inferring Synergus species hypotheses for this study.Left: simplified mtCOI phylogeny of Synergus included in this study (see Supp Fig. 47 [online only] for full tree). Bold branches indicate support ≥0.9. 'Clade' describes putative species assignments based on the sum of information to the right of this column. Gray bars in ABGD (conservative ['C'] and liberal ['L'] partitions) and bPTP columns indicate assignments of individuals into groups by these respective algorithms. 'Morphological ID' refers to each collection's similarity (or lack of similarity) to previously described species. 'Gall host', 'oak section', 'plant tissue(s)', and 'Host gall morphology' refer to ecological characters for Synergus in each clade, and example photos of galls are shown in Fig. 6.

FIGURES 508–511 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 508–511. Feron validum, syn. of Feron vitreum, comb. rev., asexual female. 508, mesosoma, lateral view, 509, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 510, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 511, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 499–501 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 499–501. Feron vitreum, comb. rev., asexual generation. 499–500, asexual female: 499, fore wing, part, 500, metasoma, lateral view. 501, galls.

FIGURES 495–498 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 495–498. Feron vitreum, comb. rev., asexual female. 495, mesosoma, lateral view, 496, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 497, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 498, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 502–507 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 502–507. Feron validum, syn. of Feron vitreum, comb. rev., asexual female. 502–505, head: 502, frontal view, 503, dorsal view, 504, posterior view, 505, lateral view; 506, antenna. 507, propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 486–488 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 486–488. Feron verutum, comb. rev., asexual generation. 486–487, asexual female: 486, fore wing, 487, metasoma, lateral view. 488, galls.

FIGURES 476–481 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 476–481. Feron verutum, comb. rev., asexual female. 476–479, head: 476, frontal view, 477, dorsal view, 478, posterior view, 479, lateral view; 480, antenna. 481, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view.

FIGURES 473–475 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 473–475. Feron tubifaciens, comb. nov., asexual generation. 473–474, asexual female: 473, fore wing (not scaled), 474, metasoma, lateral view. 475, galls.

FIGURES 469–472 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 469–472. Feron tubifaciens, comb. nov., asexual female. 469, mesosoma and propleura, frontal view, 470, mesosoma, lateral view, 471, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 472, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.

FIGURES 482–485 in Re-establishment of the Nearctic oak cynipid gall wasp genus Feron Kinsey, 1937 (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including the description of six new species

FIGURES 482–485. Feron verutum, comb. rev., asexual female. 482, mesosoma, lateral view, 483, mesoscutum, dorsal view, 484, mesoscutellum, dorsal view, 485, metascutellum and propodeum, posterodorsal view.