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Figure 2 in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 2. Carrhotus viduus nest near scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) tended by ants. 1, Note the position of the nest (arrow) below a group of scale insects tended by ants. 2, Detail showing spider within the nest, near a scale insect (right, center). Photographs by Sanath R. M.

Figure 1 in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 1. Adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura on cultivated Areca Palm (Dypsis lutescens) in Guddekeri, Agumbe, Shimoga, Karnataka, India (26 SEP 2021). 1-2, Two views of female. 3, Female guarding multiple broods in nest, under the gaze of a nearby frog (upper left). This nest is shown in more detail in Figure 2.

Figure 3. A in Serial broods in a single nest of the jumping spider Indopadilla cf. kodagura (Araneae: Salticidae: Baviini)

Figure 3. A different adult female Indopadilla cf. kodagura in her nest, with one early second instar brood (D), and one late second instar brood with well-developed pigmentation (E).

Figure 7. Male Carrhotus viduus near Green Tree Ants. 1 in Ant associations of the jumping spider Carrhotus viduus in Karnataka, India (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticini)

Figure 7. Male Carrhotus viduus near Green Tree Ants. 1, Note the position of this male below the ants (arrow). 2, Male watching active group of Green Tree Ants. 3, Dorsal view of male. 4-5, Two views of male in shelter. Photographs by Abhijith A. P. C.

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Figure 2 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 2. Multiple broods of a second female Asemonea tenuipes, in a different nest. 1, Female at center between her first, emergent brood and a second group of 22 eggs. Note how her position between these broods allows free access to the two entrances at either end of the nest (top and bottom of each photograph). 2, Eight days later, and most spiderlings of the first brood (at right) have molted into the free-living second instar stage, as shown by the presence of exuviae. The second brood, at left, has hatched, and this female has deposited a third brood of about 17 eggs between the other broods.

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Figure 3 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 3. Multiple broods of a third female Asemonea tenuipes in a different nest. Members of the first brood (at left) already have well-developed eyes, and the 14 eggs of the second brood are ready to hatch. Note the presence of this well-fed female outside of her nest with captured prey (a brachyceran fly). Also note the multiple entrances at either side of this nest (top and bottom of the photograph), and a clear space for the female to move between these between her broods.

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Figure 1 in Multiple broods of the jumping spider Asemonea tenuipes (Araneae: Salticidae: Asemoneinae)

Figure 1 (continued from previous page). Multiple broods of a female Asemonea tenuipes, in a single nest. 3, Same female with the 20 emergent spiderlings from her first brood, and a second brood of 19 eggs deposited in two continguous rows. 4, Nine days later, the same female was once again gravid, after the departure of the first brood. At least 14 emergent instars from the second brood are visible. 5, Three days later, the female has deposited a third brood of 17 eggs near the first one, and about 10 spiderlings from the second brood can still be seen. 6, Ten days later, and only emergent instars of the third brood can be seen. All photographs in Figures 1-3 were taken by the senior author (PJ) in his backyard next to the Sanjay Gandhi National Park in Mumbai, Maharashta, India (19°13'59.6"N 72°51'52.5"E).

Figure 5 in Fluorescence in jumping spiders of the genus Tutelina (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantini)

Figure 5. Adult male Tutelina sp. B (undescribed) from Greenville County, South Carolina. 1-6, Flash photographs of one male. 7-12, Blacklight (NUV, peak 395 nm) photos of the same male. The brighter, cyan structures are fluorescent. The female of this unusual species is similar in color and also has expanded, fringed tibiae I that resemble the head of an insect when viewed from the side.

Figure 4 in Fluorescence in jumping spiders of the genus Tutelina (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantini)

Figure 4. Adult female Tutelina sp. A (undescribed) from Greenville County, South Carolina. 1-6, Flash photographs of a series of females. 7-13, Blacklight (NUV, peak 395 nm) photos of one female. The brighter, cyan structures are fluorescent. The male of this species has long black pedipalps and white leg I fringes that resemble those of T. similis (Banks 1895), but otherwise resembles the male of T. elegans.

Figure 3 in First records of the jumping spider genus Irura Peckham & Peckham 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Simaethina) from India

Figure 5 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 5. Adult female Psecas viridipurpureus from French Guiana (4.0855°N, 52.6818°W, 12 MAR 2021). Photo credits: 1-2, © Sean McCann (iNaturalist), modified under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license.

Figure 3 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 3. Photographs showing the lateral separation of chelicerae and extension of fangs by Phanias harfordi (Peckham & Peckham 1888) prior to contact with intended prey (Drosophila). In each case the camera shutter was triggered by interruption of a light beam (Appendix 1). Note the elevation of the pedipalps to enable attack with the chelicerae. 1, Female, antero-lateral view. Only one of the chelicerae is visible in the perspective. Collected in Berkeley, California. 2, Male, anterior view, showing both extended fangs in position to make a strike. Collected at Alpine Lake, Marin County, California.

Figure 8 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 8. Displays by adult male Zygoballus sexpunctatus (Hentz 1845), Greenville County, South Carolina. 1. Frontal view of courtship display, as seen by the courted female. In this display the chelicerae are held close together, flanked by the verticallyoriented pedipalps. The bright, light-blue scales that cover the face and chelicerae are a major feature of this display, and the position of the chelicerae, with retracted fangs, is not threatening. 2. Agonistic display while facing another male of similar size, engaged in the same kind of display. Here the large chelicerae and fangs are fully extended, supplemented by a large spine near the base of each chelicera that, like the anters of male deer, can play a role in a later, grappling stage of combat. Although this ritual display is formidible, this has not yet been observed to lead to damage to either combatant.

Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 7. Adult female Phidippus mimicus from western Oaxaca. 1, The dorsal color pattern of both males and females of this species may represent mimicry of mutillid wasps (Edwards 2004). 2, Immediately after its bite this female continued to threaten one of the authors (DEH) with exposed chelicerae and venom dripping from the fangs. Between extended chelicerae the light-grey rostrum of this spider is visible (19 MAR 2019).

Figure 1 in Extension of fangs during the predatory jumps of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae)

Figure 1. Lateral view of sequence (positions 1-4; position 1 repeated in composite middle frame) showing the capture of a thomisid of the genus Mecaphesa by a penultimate male Colonus puerperus (Hentz 1846) from South Carolina (after Hill 2018a). Note the manner in which this Colonus held its prey, with fangs securely embedded in the rear of the prosoma.

Figure 9 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 9. Five sequential matings (1-2, 3, 4, 5-6, 7) of the two male forms with the same female Maevia inclemens over the course of five days. 1-2, This mating was interrupted as the male switched from one side to the other, but after an atypical low crawl display with legs I extended, the tufted male quickly recaptured the female and continued to mate on the other side. 5-6, mating on the right and then left sides. Note the many erect spines on the legs of the mating male in each instance.

Figure 8 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 8. Sequential positions (1-4) of the tufted male Maevia inclemens as he advanced toward the female in a still later mating attempt (after Figure 7). Here the view of the female is shown. 1-2, Waving legs I. 3, Fully extended for maximum height. 4, Display from a lower position with raised legs I.

Figure 3 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 3. Adult male Maevia inclemens, tufted (black) form. The tufts of the dorsal carapace may not be present in all males of this form. Note the lack of stripes on the uniformly-colored legs. 2, Feeding on mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae).

Figure 4 in Stabilizing selection to maintain the two male forms of the jumping spider Maevia inclemens (Araneae: Salticidae: Marpissina)

Figure 4. Four sequential positions of a male (1-4) during the successful courtship of a female Paraphidippus aurantius (Lucas 1833) on a plant in the laboratory. Males were placed on plants with three recently molted females, all from Greenville County, South Carolina. In each case the female stopped moving soon after she sighted the male, and the male advanced to mate successfully when she did not turn to face him as he stepped from side to side. In this example the female stopped moving at a distance of about 10 cm from the approaching male. The subsequent mating included insertion of each pedipalp on the respective side of the epigynum, and occupied more than 20 minutes. P. aurantius males will cohabit with and defend penultimate females (Thurlow 2016), and their large chelicerae are associated with the ritual male-male combat (agonistic behavior) that may ensue. This represents a pattern seen in many other salticids (e.g., Lyssomanes viridis, Tedore & Johnsen 2012, 2013, 2015), in which male-male contests account for most sexual selection. At the other end of the spectrum of sexual selection lie the highly ornamented salticids of the genus Maratus, for which male-male contests are virtually unknown (save one species), and a female may examine the details of male ornamentation up-close before acceptance (Otto & Hill 2021). Most salticids appear to fall somewhere between these two extremes, relying to some extent on both male-male combat and active selection by females.

Figure 2 in First records of the jumping spider genus Irura Peckham & Peckham 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Simaethina) from India

Figure 2. Three adult male (1-3, 4, 5) and one adult female (6-7) Irura sp. A from Hong Kong, where this remarkable species has been frequently seen and photographed in recent years. Although often identified as I. bidenticulata Guo, Zhang & Zu 2011, this identity cannot be confirmed from the published description of that species, based on specimens collected on Hainan. Certain features in the description, including colour and the presence of a large pair of black spots between the PME, may be due to the fact that only preserved specimens of I. bidenticulata were described. This colourful species has also been found in Assam (Chetia 2020). Photographs copyright © Artur Tomaszek, used with permission.