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FIGURE 4 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 4 | Structural equation model diagrams showing the effects of landscape degradation (CDI) on the functional structure of stream fish assemblages from the Araguari River basin. CDI influenced functional diversity mediated by alterations in habitat heterogeneity and stability (A. Model fit: X2 = 32.8, df = 25, p = 0.51). CDI also influenced functional identity, mediated by changes in habitat type (B. Model fit: X2 = 44.9, df = 18, p = 0.13). Arrows indicate positive (black) and negative (gray) significant direct effects (p <0.05; *p <0.10), with thickness proportional to their power (standardized path coefficients along arrows). Biodiversity metrics – FRic: Functional Richness; FDiv: Functional Divergence; FEve: Functional Evennes; FSpe: Functional Specialization; FOri: Functional Originality; CWM1-3: Functional Identity. For physical-habitat codes, calculation and ecological meaning, see Tab. 1.

FIGURE 7 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 7 | Trends in abundance of the main 19 fish species in the survey of fish populations of EBIPES project. Ellipses represent the confidence intervals built with the maximum likelihood profile of the estimation of the instantaneous population growth rate (r). Vertical white lines within each ellipse represent the point estimate of r for each species. The dashed line at the center of the chart indicates the position of the zero value for r. Numbers on the right side of the chart are the total number of individuals caught for each species.

FIGURE 6 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 6 | Trends in abundance of the main 19 fish species in the survey of fish populations of Corrientes Province. Ellipses represent the confidence intervals built with the maximum likelihood profile of the estimation of the instantaneous population growth rate (r). Vertical white lines within each ellipse represent the point estimate of r for each species. The dashed line at the center of the chart indicates the position of the zero value for r. Numbers on the right side of the chart are the total number of individuals caught for each species.

FIGURE 3 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 3 | Trends in annual freshwater fish exports of Argentina of 10 taxa between 1994 and 2019. Symbols represent the slopes of the linear regressions between the annual exports and year. Red symbols indicate slopes with significant negative values, green symbols indicate slopes with significant positive values and grey symbols indicate slopes non significantly different from zero. Whiskers around each symbol indicate 95% confidence intervals generated by the bootstrap method.

FIGURE 5 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 5 | Trends in abundance of the landings of the main 12 fish species in the commercial fishery monitoring of Santa Fe Province. Ellipses represent the confidence intervals built with the maximum likelihood profile of the estimation of the instantaneous population growth rate (r). Vertical white lines within each ellipse represent the point estimate of r for each species. The dashed line at the center of the chart indicates the position of the zero value for r. Numbers on the right side of the chart are the total number of individuals caught for each species.

FIGURE 4 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 4 | Trends in abundance of the landings of the main 19 fish species in the commercial fishery monitoring of Chaco Province at Puerto Antequera. Ellipses represent the confidence intervals built with the maximum likelihood profile of the estimation of the instantaneous population growth rate (r). Vertical white lines within each ellipse represent the point estimate of r for each species. Black ellipses are population trends for drift gillnet landings and grey ellipses are population trends for longline landings. The dashed line at the center of the chart indicates the position of the zero value for r. Numbers on the right side of the chart are the total number of individuals caught using gillnets or longlines for each species.

FIGURE 5 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 5 | Ecomorphological space showing the position of each fish species (36) from the Araguari River basin. Each plot represents two axes of a principal component analysis (PCA), where species are plotted according to their respective trait values. Codes at the ends of the arrows are the most important ecomorphological traits for each PCA axis. For trait and species codes, see Tab. 2 and Tab. S3, respectively).

FIGURE 1 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 1 | A. Map of the southern region of La Plata basin showing the location of landing sites where information was collected for historical statistics of the fishery production of Argentina between 1934 and 1986. The landing sites of each river are indicated by colors; Violet: Uruguay River; Blue: Río de la Plata; Light green: Lower Paraná River; Dark green: Middle Paraná River; Red: Higher Paraná; Maroon: Paraguay; Pink: Bermejo River. B. Map of the southern section of Paraná River, showing landing sites and sampling localities of recent commercial fishery monitoring programs and surveys of fish populations, respectively. Filled blue circles indicate landing sites of commercial fishery monitoring of Santa Fe; the violet filled circle indicate the landing site of recente commercial fishery monitoring of Chaco; green empty circles indicate sampling sites of EBIPES survey of fish populations, and red empty circles indicate sampling sites of Corrientes survey of fish populations. The middle Paraná River floodplain and delta is shaded in bright green. Ar: Argentina; Br: Brazil; Py: Paraguay; Uy: Uruguay.

FIGURE 2 in Long-term trends of fishery landings and target fish populations in the lower La Plata basin

FIGURE 2 | Trends in annual landings of 20 freshwater fish taxa in the historical fishery production of Argentina (1934–1986) for all rivers of the La Plata basin and separately for each one of the rivers. Symbols represent the slopes of the linear regressions between the annual landings and year. Red symbols indicate slopes with significant negative values, green symbols indicate slopes with significant positive values and grey symbols indicate slopes not significantly different from zero. Whiskers around each symbol indicate 95% confidence intervals generated by bootstrap method.

FIGURE 2 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 2 | Examples of landscape and local-habitat conditions of the streams sampled across a degradation gradient in the Cerrado: A. Streams with a small strip of riparian forests in landscapes dominated by mechanized agriculture; B. Stream with relatively well-preserved local conditions, including forest on both banks; C. Stream surrounded by intermediate riparian cover; and D. Stream running in pasture areas without any forest.

FIGURE 3 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 3 | Predictions tested using structural equation modeling, indicating the expected pathways (arrows) for the effects of catchment degradation (CDI) on stream physical habitat and, consequently, on the functional structure of the fish assemblages. Land use is expected to influence the functional diversity mediated by alterations in habitat heterogeneity and stability (A), and to influence functional identity, mediated by changes in habitat type (B). Arrows indicate expected effects between predictive and response variables, which can be positive (black continuous line), negative (gray continuous line) or non-directional (dashed lines). For physical-habitat codes, calculation and ecological meaning, see Tab. 1.

FIGURE 1 in Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

FIGURE 1 | Headwater streams (N = 40; black dots) sampled for fish and local physical habitat. All sites drain to Nova Ponte Reservoir in the Araguari River basin, Upper Paraná River, Minas Gerais, Brazil.

FIGURE 3 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 3 | Flowchart of analysis. Biomass and dummy traits matrices were combined to produce functional diversity (FD) indices (FRic = functional richness, FEve = functional evenness, FDiv = functional divergence and FDis = functional dispersion) and community weight mean traits (CWM) matrices. The influences of land use/occupation (Soil matrix) over FD indices were evaluated through Pearson's correlations and over CWM through redundance analysis (RDA) and Pearson's correlations.

FIGURE 4 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 4 | Ordination scores of community-weighted means (CWMs) of traits (gray bars) and proportions of land use/occupation (arrows: biplot scores for constraining variables along of the first principal axis of the redundancy analysis – RDA1) applied to 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 2 | Ternary diagram of land use/occupation in the 24 streams sampled in the state of Paraná, Brazil.

FIGURE 1 in Functional responses of stream fish communities to rural and urban land uses

FIGURE 1 | Location of the sampling sites in the 24 streams in the state of Paraná, Brazil. Codes and names of streams in S1.

FIGURE 4 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 4 | Relationships between the ecomorphological traits of fish species and environmental variables (land use and local habitat) in the streams evaluated in this study. Traits are represented by labels: relative head length (RHL), relative mouth width (RMW), relative height (RH), relative area of pectoral fin (RAPF) and relative caudal peduncle length (RCPL).

FIGURE 3 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 3 | Relationships between fish functional trophic groups and environmental variables (land use and local habitat) in the streams evaluated in this study. The groups are represented by the labels: Diurnal channel drift feeders (FTG 3), Diurnal backwater drift feeders (FTG 4), Diurnal surface pickers (FTG 7), Diggers (FTG 9) and Ambush and stalking predators (FTG 11). The FTG's with a correlation between 0.2 and -0.2 have been omitted for better visualization of the results.

FIGURE 2 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 2 | Ordination of the types of land use in the catchment areas of the study streams at the Capim River basin, eastern Amazon.

FIGURE 1 in Fish functional responses to local habitat variation in streams within multiple land uses areas in the Amazon

FIGURE 1 | Location of sampling streams (Middle Capim River basin, Pará State, Brazil). The characteristics of each land use class are described in the Material and Methods section.