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Figures 15-21 from: Lackner T (2013) Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae). ZooKeys 294: 57-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.294.4800

Figures 15-21 - Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n., male terminalia. 15 eighth sternite and tergite, ventral view 16 ditto, dorsal view 17 ditto, lateral view 18 ninth and tenth tergites, dorsal view; spiculum gastrale, ventral view 19 ninth, tenth tergites and spiculum gastrale, lateral view 20 aedeagus, dorsal view 21 ditto, lateral view.

Figures 12-14 from: Lackner T (2013) Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae). ZooKeys 294: 57-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.294.4800

Figures 12-14 - Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n., mouthparts and sensory structures of the antenna. 12 mandibles, dorsal view 13 labrum, left half showing dorsal view; right half showing ventral view 14 antennal club showing sensory structures of the antenna

Figures 22-29 from: Lackner T (2013) Afroprinus cavicola gen. et sp. n. from the Afrotropical region with notes on cave-dwelling Saprininae (Coleoptera, Histeridae). ZooKeys 294: 57-73. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.294.4800

Figures 22-29 - Assorted Saprininae characters. 22 Saprinus (Pilisaprinus) verschureni Thérond, 1959, prosternum 23 Euspilotus (Neosaprinus) rubriculus (Marseul, 1855), prosternum 24 Euspilotus (Hesperosaprinus) modestus (Erichson, 1834), prosternum 25 Pachylopus dispar Erichson, 1834, female, ventral view 26 Pachylopus dispar Erichson, 1834, protibia, dorsal view 27 Neopachylopus secqi Kanaar, 1998, protobia, dorsal view 28 Parahypocaccus weyerichi Vienna, 1995, prosternum 29 Parahypocaccus weyerichi Vienna, 1995, head, dorsal view.

Figure 8 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 8 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha fifth larval instar: A head and prothorax, general, dorsal view B antenna, dorsal view C stemmata (open arrow indicates sixth stemma), lateral view D head and prothorax, general, ventral view E labium, ventral view F maxilla, lateral view G spinneret, lateral view H left side of prothoracic shield, dorsal view I prothoracic spiracle, lateral view J prothoracic leg, postero-lateral view K pseudopodium on A4, antero-lateral view L crochets of pseudopodium A4 in detail. Scale bars = 200, 25, 25, 200, 20, 20, 20, 75, 10, 25, 75, 10 µm, respectively.

Figures 2-4 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 2-4 - Acronicta and Chloronycta adults. 2a Acronicta fallax male (North Port, FL) 2b Acronicta fallax male (Hillsboro, MO) 2c Acronicta fallax female (Hillsboro, MO) 2d Acronicta fallax female (Backus Woods, ON) 2e Acronicta fallax male (Cartwright, MB) 2f Acronicta fallax male Edmunston, NB) 2g Acronicta fallax female (Ottawa, ON) 2h Acronicta fallax male (La Verendrye Reserve, QC) 2i Acronicta fallax male (Crooked Lake, SK) 3a Chloronycta tybo male (Huachuca Mtns, AZ) 3b Chloronycta tybo female (Cave Ck. Cyn., Chiricahua Mtns, AZ) 4 Chloronycta sp. female (Turundeo, MEX).

Figure 5 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 5 - Larval and pupal morphology of Spinivalva gaucha under light microscopy: A first larval instar, dorsal and ventral views B fifth larval instar, dorsal and ventral views C–E pupa, dorsal, ventral and lateral views, respectively. Scale bars = 50 µm; 0.5, 0.5 mm, respectively.

Figure 6 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 6 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha first larval instar: A head, general, dorso-lateral view B mandible, dorsal view C antenna, lateral view D spinneret, lateral view; seta indicates hypopharyngeal papillae E maxilla (asterisk), lateral view F labial palpi. Scale bars = 20, 5, 5, 5, 3, 1 µm, respectively.

Figure 11 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 11 - Diaphanized portion and histological sections of a Passiflora actinia leaf, showing through transparency the organization levels ofa Spinivalva gaucha mine in relation to larval ontogeny: A general aspect of the mine, containing a last-instar larva; Roman numerals indicate larval instar numbers and corresponding positions of head capsules in the mine; closed arrow indicates the beginning of the mine B detail of head capsule shed by the fourth-instar larva (bar indicates position used for measurement of head-capsule width) C transverse section of serpentine portion of the mine (location indicated by the horizontal dashed line in A) D transverse section of blotch portion of the mine (location indicated by the vertical dashed line in A) E transverse section of intact portion of leaf lamina (indicated by left arrow in D) F transverse section of mined portion of leaf lamina (indicated by right arrow in D). Ab abaxial surface of epidermis; Ad adaxial surface of epidermis; Lm leaf mine; Pp palisade parenchyma; Sp spongy parenchyma. Scale bars =1.5, 0.15, 2.0, 3.0 mm; 500, 600 µm, respectively.

Figure 3 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 3 - Genital morphology of Spinivalva gaucha under light microscopy:A male genitalia, ventral view (aedeagus omitted; open arrow indicates gnathal lobe) B aedeagus, lateral view C male right valve, median view D units of the coremata anterior pair, ventral view (open and closed arrows indicate tubular pouch and hair pencil, respectively) E female genitalia, lateral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.

Figure 21 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figure 21 - Distribution of Acronicta fallax (circles) and Chloronycta tybo (triangles) based on material examined in this study.

Figure 2 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 2 - Spinivalva gaucha adult morphology: A head, anterior view B fore- and hind-wing venation C detail of retinaculum D detail of basal frenulum (open arrow) and more distal pseudofrenulum (closed arrow). Scale bars = 0.2, 0.5 mm; 50, 100 µm, respectively.

Figures 13-16 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 13-16 - Acronicta last instar larvae. 13 Acronicta fallax (Norfolk, CT) 14 Acronicta superans (Norfolk, CT) 15 Acronicta vinnula (Coventry, CT) 16 Acronicta lithospila (Martha's Vineyard, MA).

Figure 12 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 12 - Bayesian consensus phylogeny of Spinivalva. A unrooted tree based on 1.5 Kb bp of the mitochondrial genes cytochrome oxidase c subunit I, tRNA-Leu and cytochrome oxidase c subunit II. Specimens from three different localities (termed Populations 1, 2 and 3; see Material and Methods for details), field-collected from different host plants (Passiflora suberosa [ ], Passiflora misera [] and Passiflora actinia []) were analyzed. Numbers indicate raw branch lengths B phylogenetic relationships of Spinivalva within the Parectopa group of gracillariids (sensu Kawahara et al. 2011), based on 610 bp of the barcoding region (cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene). Numbers above branch indicate node support (posterior probability); those located below represent the raw branch length. A species of Bucculatricidae (Bucculatrix ulmella) was used to root the tree.

Figure 10 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 10 - Life history of Spinivalva gaucha: A Passiflora actnia shoot at the type locality B Spinivalva gaucha mine on upper leaf surface (leaf marked with an asterisk in A; open and closed arrows indicate respectively the beginning of a mine and a last-instar larva visible through transparent blotch section of the mine); C chorion of empty egg on lower surface D first-instar larva (indicated by closed arrow) visible through transparent serpentine section of a young mine (open arrow indicates the beginning of the mine on the upper leaf surface) E initial portion of blotch section in detail, showing frass and damage to leaf parenchyma left by last-instar larva within the mine F fourth-instar larva in the mine G exit hole (arrow) used by a last-instar larva to leave the mine H last-instar larva after changing color, building the cocoon outside the mine on the leaf surface I cocoon, with pupa visible through transparency J pupa in detail, after removing the cocoon K pupal exuvium protruding from the cocoon exit hole onto plastic substrate, just after the adult emergence. Scale bars = 20, 10, 0.2, 1.5, 1, 0.5, 0.5, 2, 2, 1, 2 mm, respectively.

Figures 17-20 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 17-20 - Chloronycta tybo (Cave Creek Canyon, AZ) and Polygrammate hebraeicum (Cosby, TN) larvae. 17 Chloronycta tybo early instar 18 Chloronycta tybo penultimate instar 19 Chloronycta tybo ultimate instar 20 Polygrammate hebraeicum ultimate instar. In addition to overall resemblance, note similarities in dorsal pattern elements, as well as head allometry, colouration, and luster (particularly between penultimate instar of Chloronycta tybo and ultimate instar Polygrammate hebraeicum).

Figure 4 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 4 - Genital morphology of Spinivalva gaucha under scanning electron microscopy:A male valvae (scales partly removed), showing saccular processes in crossed position and aedeagus (indicated by arrow), ventral view B setae of costa valvular in detail (open arrow indicates distal portion of saccular process), median view C female papilla annalis in detail, latero-dorsal view D saccular processes in detail (squared area in A; asterisk indicates distal sensillum of the right process) E caudal portion of aedeagus, showing terminal spine (indicated by closed arrow) and vesica (indicated by asterisk), lateral view F female ostium bursae, ventral view. Scale bars = 50, 25, 20, 10, 25, 50 µm, respectively.

Figures 9-12 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figures 9-12 - Acronicta and Chloronycta female genitalia. 9 Acronicta fallax 10 Acronicta grisea 11 Acronicta tritona 12 Chloronycta tybo.

Figure 7 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 7 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha third larval instar: A head, general, ventral view B labrum, ventral view C labium, ventral view (asterisk indicates the spinneret) D head, general, dorso-lateral view E antenna, antero-ventral view F left side of prothoracic shield, dorsal view. Scale bars = 75, 15, 15, 50, 10, 75 µm, respectively.

Figure 1 from: Schmidt C, Wagner D, Zacharczenko B, Zahiri R, Anweiler G (2014) Polyphyly of Lichen-cryptic Dagger Moths: synonymy of Agriopodes Hampson and description of a new basal acronictine genus, Chloronycta, gen. n. (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). ZooKeys 421: 115-137. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.421.7424

Figure 1 - Phylogenetic placement of Agriopodes fallax (terminal branch in red) relative to 12 additional acronictine taxa, based on Bayesian analysis of eight gene regions. Bootstrap support values >50% are given for internal branches.

Figure 9 from: Moreira G, Brito R, Gonçalves G, Vargas H (2013) A new Brazilian Passiflora leafminer: Spinivalva gaucha, gen. n., sp. n. (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae, Gracillariinae), the first gracillariid without a sap-feeding instar. ZooKeys 291: 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.291.4910

Figure 9 - Scanning electron micrographs of Spinivalva gaucha pupalcocoon and pupa: A weaving pattern of the pupal cocoon upper surface B ornamental bubble (asterisk indicates a covered slit, used by the larva to attach the bubble on outside of the cocoon surface) C bubble surface in detail D head, ventral view E–F cocoon-cutter, ventral and lateral views, respectively G abdominal segments, dorsal view H abdominal segment A3 (detail of area marked with a rectangle in G; open arrow indicates spiracle) I setae and microtrichia occurring on central portion of A1-A7 J–K last abdominal segments, dorsal and ventro-posterior views, respectively L spine of last abdominal segment (detail of squared area marked in K). Scale bars = 20, 75, 5, 150, 50, 50, 200, 50, 10, 75, 75, 10 µm, respectively.