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opencc-by-4.0Feb 2021View details →

Comparison and assessment of different object-based classifications using machine learning algorithms and UAVs multispectral imagery in the framework of precision agriculture

Supplementary material of the paper

opencc-zeroDec 2012View details →

Data from: Reconstructing the microbial diversity and function of pre-agricultural tallgrass prairie soils in the United States

Native tallgrass prairie once dominated much of the midwestern United States, but this biome and the soil microbial diversity that once sustained this highly productive system have been almost completely eradicated by decades of agricultural practices. We reconstructed the soil microbial diversity that once existed in this biome by analyzing relict prairie soils and found that the biogeographical patterns were largely driven by changes in the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia, a poorly studied bacterial phylum that appears to dominate many prairie soils. Shotgun metagenomic data suggested that these spatial patterns were associated with strong shifts in carbon dynamics. We show that metagenomic approaches can be used to reconstruct below-ground biogeochemical and diversity gradients in endangered ecosystems; such information could be used to improve restoration efforts, given that even small changes in below-ground microbial diversity can have important impacts on ecosystem processes.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Ecological stoichiometry of bumblebees in agricultural landscapes

We compared reproductive success, body concentration of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N), and C/N ratio, each considered as indicators of stress, in the buff-tailed bumblebee (Bombus terrestris). Bumblebee hives were placed in oilseed rape fields and apple orchards.

opencc-zeroJul 2021View details →

Plant diversity ameliorates the evolutionary development of fungicide resistance in an agricultural ecosystem

1. Evolution of fungicide resistance in agricultural and natural ecosystems is associated with the biology of pathogens, the chemical property and application strategies of the fungicides. The influence of ecological factors such as host diversity on the evolution of fungicide resistance has been largely overlooked but is highly relevant to social and natural sustainability. In this study, we used an experimental evolution approach to understand how host population heterogeneity may affect the evolution of fungicide resistance in the associated pathogens. 2. Potato populations with six levels of genetic heterogeneity were grown in the same field and naturally infected by Phytophthora infestans. Pathogen isolates (~1200) recovered from the field experiment were molecularly genotyped. Genetically distinct isolates were selected form each population and 142 isolates were assayed for their tolerance to two fungicides differing in the mode of action. Tolerance was determined by calculating the relative growth rate of the isolates in the presence and absence of fungicides and the effective concentration for 50% inhibition. 3. The evolution of fungicide resistance in P. infestans was affected by the genetic variation of host populations. Higher potato diversification increased the sensitivity of P. infestans to both fungicides and reduced genetic variation of the pathogen available for the development of fungicide resistance. These mitigating effects are independent of biochemical properties of fungicides and are likely caused by host selection for pathogen strains differing in the ability of fungicide influxes, effluxes or detoxification rather than mutations in fungicide target genes. 4. Synthesis and applications: Increased fungicide sensitivity and diminished evolutionary potential of fungicide resistance associated with higher host diversification reduce the fungicide dose and application frequency needed to achieve the same extent of disease control, relaxing the selection pressure acting on the pathogen populations and retarding the evolution of fungicide resistance. Together with benefits documented in other studies, our results indicate that host diversification is an eco-friendly approach that not only ameliorate fungicide resistance but also help achieve social and ecological sustainability by balancing the interaction among food security, socioeconomic development and ecological resilience.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2021View details →

Microplastics and nanoplastics barely enhance contaminant mobility in agricultural soils

Dataset for OA publication "Microplastics and nanoplastics barely enhance contaminant mobility in agricultural soils" in Communications Earth & Environment

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Agriculture creates subtle genetic structure among migratory and non-migratory populations of burrowing owls throughout North America

Population structure across a species distribution primarily reflects historical, ecological and evolutionary processes. However, large-scale contemporaneous changes in land use have the potential to create changes in habitat quality and thereby cause changes in gene flow, population structure, and distributions. As such, land-use changes in one portion of a species range may explain declines in other portions of their range. For example, many burrowing owl populations have declined or become extirpated near the northern edge of the species' breeding distribution during the second half of the 20th century. In the same period, large extensions of thornscrub were converted to irrigated agriculture in northwestern Mexico. These irrigated areas may now support the highest densities of burrowing owls in North America. We tested the hypothesis that burrowing owls that colonized this recently created owl habitat in northwestern Mexico originated from declining migratory populations from the northern portion of the species' range (migration-driven breeding dispersal whereby long-distance migrants from Canada and the U.S. became year-round residents in the newly created irrigated agriculture areas in Mexico). We used 10 novel microsatellite markers to genotype 1,560 owls from 36 study locations in Canada, Mexico, and the United States. We found that burrowing owl populations are practically panmictic throughout the entire North American breeding range. However, an analysis of molecular variance provided some evidence that burrowing owl populations in northwestern Mexico and Canada together are more genetically differentiated from the rest of the populations in the breeding range, lending some support to our migration-driven breeding dispersal hypothesis. We found evidence of subtle genetic differentiation associated with irrigated agricultural areas in southern Sonora and Sinaloa in northwestern Mexico. Our results suggest that land-use can produce location-specific population dynamics leading to subtle genetic structure even in the absence of dispersal barriers.

Figure 2 in The most important lacewing species in Indian agricultural crops, Chrysoperla sillemi (Esben-Petersen), is a subspecies of Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Figure 2. Oscillogram (volts on y-axis) and sonogram (Hertz on y-axis) of five volleys of a solo (non-duetting) vibrational song of Chrysoperla sillemi (now C. z. sillemi) from Bangalore, India. During heterosexual duets, each volley is the unit of exchange between partners (i.e. the shortest repeated unit or SRU). Song features discussed in the text are labelled.

Figure 4 in The most important lacewing species in Indian agricultural crops, Chrysoperla sillemi (Esben-Petersen), is a subspecies of Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Figure 4. Dorsal view of left half of third-instar larval head capsule of a typical specimen of Chrysoperla sillemi (now Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi) from Bangalore, India. Head markings discussed in the text are labelled.

Figure 1 in The most important lacewing species in Indian agricultural crops, Chrysoperla sillemi (Esben-Petersen), is a subspecies of Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Figure 1. Map of central and southwest Asia showing collecting localities of Chrysoperla sillemi (circled numbers or letters) in India and Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica (black circles) in the Middle East, identified by song analysis. Both taxa are now assigned to Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi stat. rev. Locality 1 = Ludhiana (Punjab); 2 = Sirsa (Haryana); 3 = Anand (Gujarat); 4 = Bangalore (Karnataka); 5 = Coimbatore (Tamil Nadu); a = Sri Ganganagar (Rajasthan); b = Udaipur (Rajasthan); c = Dharwad (Karnataka) and d = Guntur (Andhra Pradesh). Songs were analysed in detail only for specimens from the numbered (not lettered) sites on the map. Collecting localities of additional specimens exhibiting the C. z. sillemi morphotype but not verified by song are shown as black asterisks.

Figure 3 in The most important lacewing species in Indian agricultural crops, Chrysoperla sillemi (Esben-Petersen), is a subspecies of Chrysoperla zastrowi (Esben-Petersen) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)

Figure 3. Scatterplot of the first two factors of a principal components analysis of five song features (see text) of Chrysoperla sillemi in India (black squares) and Chrysoperla zastrowi arabica in the Middle East (open triangles). Both taxa are now assigned to Chrysoperla zastrowi sillemi stat. rev. Each data point represents a single individual.

opencc-zeroAug 2021View details →

Post‐agriculture rain forest succession on a tropical Pacific island

We surveyed the tree and seedling community in 34 vegetation plots in mature and >50 y old secondary lowland rain forest on the Polynesian island of Tutuila, American Samoa. The main data set includes original data from the tree surveys as well as all repeat surveys of seedling plots. We also include all R code and data sets used in analyses, including soil and environmental data, species by plot matrices for NMDS, and processed data used for survival analysis.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2021View details →

Replication package for: Geography and Agricultural Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence from Micro Plot-Level Data

The package contains all the data and code necessary to reproduce the results in Adamopoulos and Restuccia (forthcoming). "Geography and Agricultural Productivity: Cross-Country Evidence from Micro Plot-Level Data." Review of Economic Studies. Detailed instructions on how to use the files are provided in a README file.

FIGURE 2 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 2. Scatter plot for the number of transitions (s) and transversions (v) versus TN distance of ITS1 and ITS2 in pairwise comparisons between spider mites.

FIGURE 1 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 1. Scatter plot for the number of transitions (s) and transversions (v) versus TN distance of COI gene in pairwise comparisons between spider mites, (a) all codon positions; (b) third codon position.

FIGURE 5 in Identification and molecular phylogeny of agriculturally important spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences, with an emphasis on Tetranychus

FIGURE 5. ML tree based on ITS2 sequences. Sequence data for the ITS2 was aligned from a total of 23 individuals from nine species. Demodex folliculorum and D. canis (GenBank nos. AM904564 and GU299785, respectively) were selected as the outgroups of ITS2 tree. Numbers on the branches indicate the percentage bootstrap values (>50) based on NJ bootstrapping with ML settings (1,000 replicates).

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Species diversity and food web structure jointly shape natural biological control in agricultural landscapes

Land-use change and agricultural intensification concurrently impact natural enemy (e.g., parasitoid) communities and their associated ecosystem services (ESs), i.e., biological pest control. However, the extent to which (on-farm) parasitoid diversity and food webs mediate landscape-level influences on biological control remains poorly understood. Here, drawing upon a 3-year study of quantitative parasitoid-hyperparasitoid trophic networks from 25 different agro-landscapes, we assess the cascading effects of landscape composition, species diversity and trophic network structure on ecosystem functionality (i.e., parasitism, hyperparasitism). Path analysis further reveals causality leading to the biological control of a resident crop pest, i.e., Aphis gossypii. Functionality is dictated by (hyper)parasitoid diversity, with its effects modulated by food web generality and vulnerability. Non-crop habitat cover directly benefits biological control, whereas secondary crop cover indirectly lowers hyperparasitism. Our work underscores a need to simultaneously account for on-farm biodiversity and trophic interactions when investigating ESs within dynamic agro-landscapes.

Fig. 5 in Changes in Assemblages and Diversity Patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from 1997 to 2014 in a Desalinized, Intensively Cultivated Agricultural Landscape in Northern China

Fig. 5. Canonical correspondence analysis of carabid beetles and environmental parameters at field margins of three experimental districts in 1997. Species with encircled codes were not present in 2014. For species names, see Appendix A.

Fig. 4 in Changes in Assemblages and Diversity Patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from 1997 to 2014 in a Desalinized, Intensively Cultivated Agricultural Landscape in Northern China

Fig. 4. Non-linear, two-dimensional scaling of pooled carabid samples at field margins of three experimental districts in 1997 and 2014 based on the chord-normalized expected species shared (CNESS)-index of dissimilarity. a) m = 1, b) m =17 (3 samples at the same experimental district randomly pooled).

Fig. 3 in Changes in Assemblages and Diversity Patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from 1997 to 2014 in a Desalinized, Intensively Cultivated Agricultural Landscape in Northern China

Fig. 3. Non-linear, two-dimensional scaling of pooled carabid samples in the 3rd experimental district in 1997 and 2014 based on the chord-normalized expected species shared (CNESS)-index of dissimilarity. a) m = 1, b) m = 25. FM = field margin; NFM = sites 10 m inside the field; FFM = sites 30 m (in 1997) / 20 m (in 2014) inside the field (3 samples of equal treatments randomly pooled).

Fig. 2 in Changes in Assemblages and Diversity Patterns of Carabidae (Coleoptera) from 1997 to 2014 in a Desalinized, Intensively Cultivated Agricultural Landscape in Northern China

Fig. 2. Rarefaction and extrapolation (R/E) curves of carabid assemblages in an agricultural landscape. a) Comparing carabid samples from all plots in Quzhou in 1997 and 2014, b) Comparing carabid samples from field margin plots and in-field plots at the 3rd experimental district (Situan village) in 1997, c) Comparing carabid samples from all field margin plots and in-field plots at the 3rd experimental district in 2014, d) Comparing carabid samples from all field margin plots at the 3rd experimental district between 1997 and 2014, e) Comparing carabid samples from all in-field plots at the 3rd experimental district between 1997 and 2014, f) Comparing carabid samples from all field margin plots across all three experimental districts between 1997 and 2014.