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Fig. 13 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 13. Strict consensus of 324 trees. Length = 2305, CI = 0.2872, RI = 0.7497. 102 crocodilomorph taxa are included. The inclusion of "Sunosuchus" thailandicus and material formerly ascribed to Turanosuchus aralensis results in a large polytomy including Eusuchia, Goniopholididae, Pholidosauridae, and Metriorhynchidae. Relationships within Goniopholididae for the most part collapse. A notable exception is the association of Eutretauranosuchus and "Sunosuchus" junggarensis, which suggests that this is a very strongly supported relationship.

Fig. 2 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Crocodylomorph "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980 dentition, PIN 4174-1, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of Shar Teeg, Mongolia. A. Rostrum in palatal aspect. Photograph (A1) and explanatory drawing (A2). B. Anterior mandible in dorsal view, from symphysis to the anterior edge of the external mandibular fenestra.

Fig. 11 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 11. Poorly preserved mandibular symphysis of?Goniopholididae gen. et sp. indet. (previously Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988) from the Upper Cretaceous of Kazakhstan, PIN 2229-507, in dorsal view, with majority of tooth alveoli present but damaged. For full explanation see text.

Fig. 5. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 5. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975, holotype, PIN 2399-301 from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. Right premaxilla of an adult crocodilian in dorsal (A), lateral (B), and ventral (C) views. Photographs (A1–C1) and explanatory drawings (A2–C2).

Fig. 12 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 12.?Goniopholididae gen. et sp. indet. (previously Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988) from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of the Zhirkindek Formation, Kazakhstan, material formerly attributed to Turanosuchus aralensis Efimov, 1988. A. Section of left dentary, PIN 2229-506, including two complete and two incomplete alveoli in dorsal (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Dermal osteoderm, PIN 2229-503, in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. Fragmented right maxilla, PIN 2229-502 (demonstrating the sinusoidal condition also seen in PIN 4174-1), in ventral (C1) and dorsal (C2) views. D. Posterior portion of left mandible, PIN 2229-501, in dorsal (D1), lateral (D2), and medial (D3) views.

Fig. 9. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 9. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 left angular region of the mandible. Specimens from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan, PIN 2399-453, in ventral (A), dorsal (B), medial (C), and lateral (D) views.

Fig. 8. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 8. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 basioccipital region and quadrate, preserving several nerve and vascular foramina. Specimens from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. A. PIN 2399-308 (second part) in posterior (A1), ventral (A2), and dorsal (A3) views. B. PIN 2399-468, a quadrate in posterior (B1), dorsal (B2), and ventral (B3) views.

Fig. 3 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Crocodylomorph "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980, PIN 4174-1, from the Tithonian (Upper Jurassic) of Shar Teeg, Mongolia. Occipital condyle in lateral (A) and posterior (B) views.

Fig. 4 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Teeth of crocodylomorphs from the Cretaceous of Central Asia. A. "Sunosuchus" thailandicus Buffetaut and Ingavat, 1980, left mandibular tooth of PIN 4174-1. Tooth is from mid-mandible and is similar in size to all of the other mandibular teeth, which show little size variation. B, C. Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975. B. Caniniform tooth of PIN 2399-313 in anterior (B1), posterior (B2), and lateral (B3) views. The tooth is characterized by prominent ridges, including a distinctive "double keel" on the posterior side of the tooth. The tooth is from the anterior part of the jaw. C. Molariform tooth of PIN 2399-314 in posterior (C1), anterior (C2), and lateral (C3) views. The tooth shares the ridges characteristic of Kansajsuchus, including a less prominent version of the double keel, but is blunter, and derived from the posterior part of the jaw.

Fig. 10. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 in A re-evaluation of goniopholidid crocodylomorph material from Central Asia: Biogeographic and phylogenetic implications

Fig. 10. Crocodylomorph Kansajsuchus extensus Efimov, 1975 postcranial material from the Santonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Fergana, Tajikistan. A. Cervical vertebra, PIN 2399-304, in anterior (A 1) and lateral (A 2) views. B. Left femur, PIN 2399-318, in posterior (B ) and lateral (B ) views.

Fig. 5 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 5. Maximum Likelihood (ML) phylogenetic reconstruction of the mitochondrial Cytochrome C oxidase Subunit I (cox1) gene tree of the Sarcocystis spp. under investigation. Where possible, sequences of the same species were used as shown in the 18S rRNA gene tree, including the outgroup. The newly sequenced Sarcocystis spp. are marked with black symbols. A total of 25 nucleotide sequences and 603 sites of the barcode area (all codon positions included) was analyzed with 1000 bootstrap replicates. Branch support from three replicate analyses is shown. The evolutionary history was inferred by using ML based on the HKY model. The tree with the highest log likelihood (– 6438.6551) is shown. A discrete Gamma distribution was used to model evolutionary rate differences among sites (four categories [+G, parameter = 0.9037]). The rate variation model allowed for some sites to be evolutionarily invariable ([+I], 17.4959% sites). All positions with less than 98% site coverage were eliminated. Branch lengths are measured in the number of substitutions per site. Note the long branch lengths of ruminant Sarcocytis spp. in comparison to other members of the Sarcocystidae as well as eimeriid coccidia from phylogenetically diverse hosts.

Fig. 2 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 2. Ultrastructure of Sarcocystis sp.1 from the mangrove snake in abdominal musculature of a Sprague-Dawley rat; a) One μm-thin section through a resin-embedded, toluidine-stained sarcocyst showing densely-packed cystozoites (CZ) that were contained in septate compartments; the arrow indicates the cyst wall with small protrusions, which are clearly visible because host cell (HC) tissue is removed at this position; b) gross view of the cyst wall and cystozoites in a longitudinal section; the black arrow indicates a thin septum that separated the compartments filled with cystozoites; protrusions (PT) were broad, short, and irregularshaped, often with a reticulate base that rested on a thin layer of ground substance (GS); c) cross-section of sarcocyst, showing the primary cyst wall at higher magnification to consist of electron-dense, knob-like structures with intermittent invaginations; it appeared as if the primary wall was fenestrated (asterisk) allowing exchange of fine granular material (arrowheads) between the interior and exterior of the cyst; the exterior space between the protrusions was entirely filled with granular substance. d) metrocytes exclusively divided by endodyogeny as only cells with two developing zoites (asterisks) were observed; the white arrow points at deposits of highly electron-dense matter that could form larger clusters in the GS of the septae.

Fig. 1 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 1. Light microscopic observations on the development of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated musculature of Sprague-Dawley rats; a) typical sporocysts, here in fecal smear from Boiga dendrophila, that were used for infection of rats; sporocysts contained a granular residual body (asterisk) and four sporozoites (SP), which are all visible in the upper sporocyst; b) full-length micrograph of a typical (native) sarcocyst of Sarcocystis sp.1 in striated belly musculature, the arrows indicating folds of the cysts' body; c) high magnification of the cyst wall of a native sarcocyst, the arrows pointing at the apparently smooth wall; this is the same cyst as depicted in Fig. 2a; the inset shows freshly released, live cystozoites under phase-contrast light microscopy.

Fig. 4 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 4. Predicted secondary structure of helix 38 in domain V7 of the 18S rRNA of Sarcocystis sp.1, Sarcocystis sp.2, S. attenuati, S. scandentiborneensis, and S. zuoi in comparison to S. clethrionomyelaphis (shaded inset). The 7-nt long motif 5′-AAUUCGU-3' (relative to all Apicomplexan taxa examined; nt in italic letters in shaded oval) mapped to a hairpin loop position of helix 38 and was characteristic for all species of the S. zuoi – complex; the motif was one nt (Cytosine) shorter in helix 38 of S. clethrionomyelaphis. Sequences were aligned to a secondary structure model of the Eukarya using SSU-ALIGN. The numbering of nucleotides (bars) and helices is based on the 1881 nt-long structural template. Position 1430 corresponds to position 1357 of the predicted secondary structure of Toxoplasma gondii (RH strain) as published by Gagnon et al. (1996).

Fig. 3 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 3. Bayesian Inference (BI) of the 18S rRNA phylogeny of Sarcocystis spp. infecting colubrid snakes and small mammals in Asia; the S. zuoi – complex of species is highlighted by the shaded box. This complex excludes S. clethrionomyelaphis, which branches off basally. All new sequences, including a new isolate of S. zamani from Sumatra, are highlighted by black symbols. The known definitive and/or intermediate hosts associated with the selected sequences of the S. zuoi-group are indicated. Eimeriid species from phylogenetically diverse hosts served as outgroups. Bayesian posterior probabilities of three independent analyses (and alignments) are indicated behind each node, showing only one value if results of replicates were identical.

Fig. 6 in Morphological and molecular phylogenetic characterization of Sarcocystis kani sp. nov. and other novel, closely related Sarcocystis spp. infecting small mammals and colubrid snakes in Asia

Fig. 6. Mapping of (A) potential heme ligand binding sites and (B) amino acid variability among different lineages of tissue cyst-forming coccidia in the barcode area of the mitochondrial COX1 protein. A) Map of putative heme ligand binding sites (arrowheads) in a protein sequence alignment of selected taxa used in the phylogenetic tree of cox1. Identical/conservative aa positions are highlighted by light background, variable positions and gaps are shown against black background. Helix 1 (H1) is shown partial, starting at position 14 of the global barcode alignment (Pentinsaari et al., 2016); aa sequences of helices 2 (H2) and 6 (H6) are shown in full length, while putative heme binding sites of loop 3–4 (L3-4) were in its anterior part only. Domain boundaries and putative ligand binding sites were derived from COX1 of template organisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bos taurus by sequence alignment against Toxoplasma gondii applying three-dimensional homology modelling of protein structure. The complete alignment of the six helices of the barcode area is shown in Supplementary Fig. S2. Note that aa numbering of the barcode area of the Apicomplexan sequence is different to the global alignment, because the former showed one additional aa and domain boundaries were slightly altered. The nucleotide sequence KC209732 of S. tenella (GenBank) is also registered in the barcode reference database BOLD (accession number JRPAA5858-15; http://boldsystems.org); the aa barcode position 14 (Glycine) shown here corresponds to position 16 of the aa translation of GenBank record KC209732. B) 'Heat map' of aa changes (darker shades of green = more changes, number of changes indicated) in the barcode area among chemically/structurally different aa groups in different lineages of tissue cyst-forming coccidia relative to the COX1 protein sequence of T. gondii. Because helix 1 was truncated, records of aa changes in this area are incomplete.

FIGURE 6 in Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Fushun amber reveal further biotic links between Asia and Europe during the Eocene

FIGURE 6. Palaeogeographic locations of early Eocene insect faunas in (approximately 50 Ma) Baltic amber (B) from Europe and Fushun amber (F) from China (modified after Blakey, 2015).

FIGURE 1 in Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Fushun amber reveal further biotic links between Asia and Europe during the Eocene

FIGURE 1. Photograph of Mantohelea sinica n. sp. from lower Eocene Fushun amber. 1. Mantohelea sinica n. sp., Holotype female NIGP156996. 2. Mantohelea sinica n. sp., head.

FIGURE 2. Mantohelea sinica n in Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Fushun amber reveal further biotic links between Asia and Europe during the Eocene

FIGURE 2. Mantohelea sinica n. sp., Holotype female NIGP156996. 1. Antenna. 2. Wing. 3. Palpus. 4. Fore tibia. 5. Fore femur. 6. Tarsus of foreleg. 7. Tarsus of mid leg. 8. Tarsus of hind leg.

FIGURE 5. Gedanohelea liaoningensis n in Biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Fushun amber reveal further biotic links between Asia and Europe during the Eocene

FIGURE 5. Gedanohelea liaoningensis n. sp., Holotype female NIGP156998. 1. Flagellum. 2. Wing. 3. Palpal segments 3-5. 4. Tarsus of foreleg. 5. Tarsus of mid leg. 6. Tarsus of hind leg.