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Figure 16 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 16 Theodoxus jordani (G.B. Sowerby I, 1836). A, B. Syntype of N. euphratica from the Euphrates River at Samawah, Iraq (ZMZ 528916); C–E. Syntype of N. michonii from Syria (MHNG-MOLL-111706); F–H. Syntype of N. karasuna collected from the Karasu River, south-eastern Turkey (ZMZ 528937); I, J; K, L. Two syntypes of N. ponsoti from Lake Muzayrīb, Syria (MNHN-IM-2000-32754); M. Syntype (labelled as paratype) of N. ponsoti from Lake Muzayrīb (MT820, RBINS); N. Syntype of N. jordani var. turris collected in the Sea of Galilee (ZMZ 528930); O, P. Syntype of N. bellardii from the Litani River, Beqaa valley, Lebanon (ZMZ 528918). Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 1 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 1 Terminology of key morphological characters for Theodoxus. A. Shell: a = apex, ap = aperture (im = inner margin, om = outer margin), cp = columellar plate, p = periostracum, s = spire, sh = shell height, sm = shell margin, sw = shell width, w = whorls; B. Operculum: ap = apophysis, ca = callus, cb = calcareous base, cl = conchioline lamella, la = left adductor, pa = pseudo-apophysis, ra = right adductor, rp = rib-pouch, rs = rib-shield; C. Radula: ac = A-central (c = cusp, r = ridge, tp = tooth plate), bc = B-central, cc = C-central, el = E-lateral (le = lower edge, ue = upper edge), mt1 = first row of marginal teeth (sf = small face of marginal teeth), mt2 = second row of marginal teeth, rc = R-central (ae = anterior edge, f = tooth face).
Figure 2 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 2 Dated phylogeny of the genus Theodoxus constructed with BEAST, based on existing GenBank and newly incorporated data for COI, 16S and ATPα (Suppl. material 1: Table S1). Morphospecies where associations are queried are highlighted by a question mark after the species name (see the "Systematic checklist" for more information). Small green (PP ≥ 0.95) and red (PP < 0.95) dots on nodes indicate the relative posterior probability support of divergence events. Node labels (1–32) correspond to divergence dates and HPD intervals in millions of years ago (Mya) for selected nodes (see Suppl. material 1: Table S3). Dashed dark blue and light blue lines represent the minimum interspecific and maximum intraspecific variation determined by Sands et al. (2019a) to aid Theodoxus spp. delimitation (see see Methods, Phylogenetics and species delimitation and that study for more information on the delimitation methods).
Figure 28 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 28 Radula of Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer sp. nov. paratypes (UGSB 20687). A. Portion of the radula showing full sets of teeth; B. Magnified view of the central and lateral teeth; C. Magnified view of the lateral and first and second rows of marginal teeth; D. Magnified view of the lateral teeth; E. The first row of marginal teeth; F. Magnified view of the faces of inner marginal teeth belonging to the first row. Scale bars: 100 μm (A–D), 20 μm (E–F).
Figure 24 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 24 Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer sp. nov. A–D. Holotype collected in the Sakarya River, Çayköy, Bilecik, Turkey (RMNH.MOL.342200); E–G. Paratype from the same location as the holotype (RMNH.MOL.342202); H–J. Paratype from Fele, Isparta province, Turkey (RMNH.MOL.342204); K–M. Paratype from Eflatun Pınarı, Konya province, Turkey (RMNH.MOL.342206). All photographed material (A–M) is stored in NMNL. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 27 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 27 Theodoxus wilkei Sands & Glöer sp. nov. A–D. Holotype (RMNH.MOL.342208); E–G. Paratype (RMNH.MOL.342210); H–J. Paratype (RMNH.MOL.342211). All photographed material is from the Çifteler Spring, Çifteler, Eskişehir, Turkey and stored in NMNL. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 23 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 23 Type locality of Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer sp. nov. A, B. Sakarya River, Çayköy, Bilecik, Turkey, 40.0439°N, 30.452°E. Further paratype localities: C, D. Unnamed roadside spring in Fele, Isparta province, Turkey, 38.00358°N, 31.47217°E; E, F. Eflatun Pınarı, near Sadıkhacı, Konya, Turkey, 37.8256°N, 31.6748°E; G, H. Balıkdamı Wetland spring, Eskişehir, Turkey, 39.15277°N, 31.61562°E.
Figure 25 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 25 Radula of Theodoxus wesselinghi Sands & Glöer sp. nov. paratypes. A. Portion of the radula showing full sets of teeth (UGSB 20688); B. Magnified view of the central teeth (UGSB 20688); C. Magnified view of the lateral and marginal teeth (UGSB 20686); D. Magnified view of the first and second rows of marginal teeth (UGSB 20688); E. Magnified view of the first row of marginal teeth (UGSB 20686); F. Magnified view of the faces of inner marginal teeth belonging to the first row (UGSB 20685). Scale bars: 100 μm (A–E), 20 μm (F).
Figure 3 from: Sands AF, Glöer P, Gürlek ME, Albrecht C, Neubauer TA (2020) A revision of the extant species of Theodoxus (Gastropoda, Neritidae) in Asia, with the description of three new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 96(1): 25-66. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.96.48312
Figure 3 Occurrence map for Theodoxus spp. in Asia. All points conform to specimens used in the phylogenetic analyses (Suppl. material 1: Table S1), except for T. gloeri for which no molecular data are available and only the type and paratype localities are indicated. Species are partitioned across four identical maps (A–D) to limit overlap of points as far as possible. Barring T. gloeri, closer related species are grouped together (Fig. 2).
Figure 6 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 6 Photographs of live animals of Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. A eggs B 1-day old juveniles C adult. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 5 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 5 Comparative radular morphology of AA. auricula (irregular rachidian and rastriform marginal teeth) BA. auricula (rastriform marginal teeth) CA. minuta (rastriform marginal teeth) DA. perpusilla (irregular rachidian and rastriform marginal teeth) EA. perversa (rastriform marginal teeth) FAuriculella tenella (rastriform marginal teeth) GA. gagneorum sp. nov. (irregular rachidian and rastriform marginal teeth) HA. gagneorum sp. nov. (rastriform marginal teeth). Scale bar: 10 μm. Scale bar: 10 μm.
Figure 2 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 2 Phylogenetic tree of ten Auriculella spp. produced via Maximum Likelihood using a concatenated matrix composed of partial sequences of COI, 16S and 28S. Shapes on the nodes correspond to ML bootstrap values of 70–79 (triangle), 80–89 (circle), and 90–100 (square).
Figure 1 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 1 Distributional map of Auriculella spp. AAuriculella auriculaBAuriculella minutaCAuriculella perpusillaDAuriculella perversaEAuriculella tenella and FAuriculella gagneorum sp. nov. Dark grey circle = historical; light grey triangle = since 2010.
Figure 4 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 4 Comparative reproductive anatomy of AAuriculella auriculaBPBM 119141 BAuriculella minutaBPBM 99146 CAuriculella perpusillaBPBM 93626 DAuriculella perversaBPBM 97904 EAuriculella tenellaBPBM 211034 FAuriculella gagneorum sp. nov. paratype BPBM 285800. Abbreviatons for reproductive structures are: AG = albumen gland; AP = penial appendix; BC = bursa copulatrix; EP = epiphallus; GP = gonopore; P = penis; OV = free oviduct; PG = prostate gland; PR = penial retractor muscle; UT = uterus; VD = vas deferens. Scale bar: 1mm.
Figure 3 from: Yeung NW, Slapcinsky J, Strong EE, Kim JR, Hayes KA (2020) Overlooked but not forgotten: the first new extant species of Hawaiian land snail described in 60 years, Auriculella gagneorum sp. nov. (Achatinellidae, Auriculellinae). ZooKeys 950: 1-31. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.950.50669
Figure 3 Comparative shell morphology of AAuriculella auricula neotype BPBM 18709 BAuriculella auricula shell variation (left to right) BPBM 12651, BPBM 12666 CAuriculella minuta lectotype BPBM 42377 DAuriculella minuta shell variation (left to right) BPBM12804, paralectotype MCZ 73037 EAuriculella perpusilla holotype MCZ 39912 FAuriculella perpusilla (left to right) BPBM 285806, BPBM 134341 (2 spm), BPBM 134280 white one, BPBM 122643, BPBM 13443 GAuriculella perversa lectotype BPBM 42384, 3 shells HAuriculella perversa shell variation (left to right) paralectotype ANSP 91817 IAuriculella tenella lectotype BPBM 18943 JAuriculella tenella shell variation paralectotype BPBM 109679 KAuriculella gagneorum sp. nov. holotype (BPBM 285843) and LAuriculella gagneorum sp. nov. paratypes, left to right (BPBM 285797, 285794, 285795, 285798). Scale bar: 5 mm.
Quantifying shell outline variability in extant and fossil Laqueus (Brachiopoda: Terebratulida): are outlines good proxies for long-looped brachidial morphology and can they help us characterize species?
<p>Extant and extinct terebratulide brachiopod species have been defined primarily on the basis of morphology. What is the fidelity of morphological species to biological species? And how can we test this fidelity with fossils? Taxonomically and phylogenetically, the most informative internal feature in the brachiopod suborder Terebratellidina is the geometrically complex long-looped brachidium, which, given their fragile nature, are not commonly preserved in the fossil record. In their absence, it is essential to test other sources of morphological data when trying to recognize and identify species. We analyzed valve outlines and brachidia in the genus <i>Laqueus</i> to explore the utility of shell shape in discriminating extant and fossil species. Using geometric morphometric methods, we quantified valve outline variability using elliptical Fourier methods and tested whether long-looped brachidial morphology correlates with shell outline shape. We then built classification models based on machine learning algorithms using outlines as shape variables to predict fossil species' identities. Our results demonstrate that valve outline shape is significantly correlated with long-looped brachidial shape and that even relatively simple outlines are sufficiently morphologically distinct to enable extant <i>Laqueus</i> species to be identified, validating current taxonomic assignments. These are encouraging results for the study and delimitation of fossil terebratulide species, and their recognition as biological species. In addition, machine learning algorithms can be successfully applied to help solve species recognition and delimitation problems in paleontology, especially when morphology can be characterized quantitatively and analyzed statistically.</p>
Figure 2 in The muscles, body wall and valve-opening mechanism of extant craniid (inarticulated) brachiopods
Figure 2. Digital and scanning electron micrographs (SEM) illustrating anatomical features. (A–H) Novocrania californica. (A). SEM of a piece of anterior adductor muscle, showing fibres make up whole length. (B) SEM close-up of fibres in A. (C) Lophophore cut to show brachial muscle and empty hydrostatic skeleton channel. (D) Ventral view of anterior adductor muscle,
Figure 5 in The muscles, body wall and valve-opening mechanism of extant craniid (inarticulated) brachiopods
Figure 5. Line drawings and digital and scanning electron micrographs illustrating organic ventral mounds and lophophore filaments. (A, B) Novocrania lecointei. (A) NIWA 37947. Transparent organic ventral valve with organic ventral mound on dark rock. (B) Cutaway drawing down midline. (C–F) Novocrania anomala. (C) OU 44526a. Ventral valve with organic ventral mound. (D) OU 44525a. Ventral valve with organic mound rotted away. (E) OU 39355. Dorsal valve with muscle scars flush with valve surface. (F) Reproduction of illustration of N. anomala with lophophore filaments extended (from Barrett 1856). All scale bars 2 mm. Abbreviations: aasc, anterior adductor muscle scar; bwi, "batwing" shaped outline of organic ventral valve; dv, dorsal valve; fi, filaments; obisc, oblique internal muscle scar; opab, organic posterior adductor base; ovm, organic ventral mound; ovv, organic ventral valve; pasc, posterior adductor muscle scar; vv, ventral valve.
Dataset for: Short-term temperature history affects mineralization of fresh litter and extant soil organic matter, irrespective of agricultural management
<p>Dataset for the article:</p> <p>Mason-Jones, K., Vrehen, P, Koper, K., Wang, J., van der Putten, W.H., Veen, G.F. 2020. Short-term temperature history affects mineralization of fresh litter and extant soil organic matter, irrespective of agricultural management. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 150, 107985.</p> <p>Article DOI: 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107985</p>
Alignment used for the phylogenies of "The earliest diverging extant scleractinian corals recovered by mitochondrial genomes"
<p>Alignment of scleractinian corals based on mitochondrial genomes and including species of the family Micrabaciidae. This alignment was used for running Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference phylogenies. "tree02_alignment.phy" refers to the actual alignment while "tree02_alignment.partitions.txt" indicates where each gene partition begins/ends.</p>
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