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FIGURE 11 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 11. Specimens of Lygodactylus madagascariensis in life. A, B, Specimens from the type locality Nosy Be photographed in 1992 (not corresponding to any voucher or sample studied herein; identification by typical color pattern and provenance. C, D, Adult male ZSM 832/2003 from Manongarivo, photographed 2003.

FIGURE 5 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 5. Tail base in males of different species of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group, showing presence of distinct tail base tubercles in species primarily belonging to the Domerguella subclade A5 (panels D–K) and its absence in two other species (panels A–C). A–B, dorsal and lateral view of tail base in L. petteri, ZSM 195/2018. C, lateral view of tail base in L. expectatus, ZSM 1540/2008. D–E, dorsal and lateral view of tail base in L. winki sp. nov., ZSM 48/2016. F, lateral view of tail base in L. ulli sp. nov., ZSM 154/2005. G, lateral view of tail base in L. guibei, ZSM 349/2010. H, lateral view of tail base in L. salvi sp. nov., ZSM 783/2001 (subclade A3). I, lateral view of tail base in life of a specimen assigned to L. guibei. J, dorsal view of tail base in life of a specimen from Nahampoana assigned to L. miops. K, ventral view of tail base in life in a specimen assigned to L. guibei. Blue arrows point to lateral tail base tubercles. Whitish structures in A, B, E, F, H are everted hemipenes. All specimens facing to the left. Not to scale.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 2. Haplotype networks constructed from partial sequences of the nuclear-encoded genes for RAG1 (784 bp) and CMOS (376 bp) for species of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group. Small blue dots represent additional mutational steps or unsampled haplotypes. Colors match those of allocation of individuals to species-level lineages inferred from the 16S dataset and represented in the mtDNA tree (Fig. 1). The networks were constructed from phased sequences and each individual is therefore included twice in each network (circle size proportional to the total number of haplotype sequences).

FIGURE 10 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 10. Specimen of Lygodactylus rarus from Ankarana in life, photographed in 2003 (not corresponding to any of the morphologically examined voucher specimens).

FIGURE 1. Majority-rule consensus tree from a in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 1. Majority-rule consensus tree from a Maximum likelihood analysis based on 537 bp of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene, for all available samples of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group. Outer circles of different color mark categories of bootstrap branch support as indicated, inner circles of different color mark categories of Posterior Probability support from a separate Bayesian analysis. Missing circles on the backbone of clade A5 indicate different topology in the ML and BI analysis. Colors correspond to species-level lineages delimited by the ASAP partition with lowest ASAP score, with two exceptions: (i) L. madagascariensis samples from Montagne d'Ambre are shown as different clusters to better illustrate its co-occurrence with other lineages at this site, as well as patterns of allele sharing in the nuclear encoded genes (Fig. 2); (ii) the three uppermost samples of L. guibei were defined by ASAP as separate lineage but are here considered as conspecific with L. guibei in a preliminary way.

FIGURE 9 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 9. Tails of preserved specimens of Lygodactylus rarus and six other species of the subgenus Domerguella for comparison. Note the very regular dark-light crossbands characterizing L. rarus, including the holotype. Not to scale.

FIGURE 7 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 7. Lateral view of head and anterior body in seven specimens of Lygodactylus expectatus, and four representative individuals of other species. In all L. expectatus, a black spot is visible in the shoulder region, with at least traces of light color along its dorsal edge; this spot, poorly expressed in some specimens, is here called the scapular semi-ocellus. Individuals of other species of Domerguella may also have dark markings in the scapular region, but these usually are not at all bordered by light color dorsally, and often are in a more anterior position, as exemplified by four representative pictures of other species. Asterisks mark photos that were mirrored. Pictures not to scale.

FIGURE 6 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 6. View of central dorsum (posterior to forelimb insertion) in seven specimens of Lygodactylus expectatus, and four representative individuals of other species. In all L. expectatus, including the holotype, the scales in the dorsolateral area are distinctly enlarged, while the vertebral scales are much smaller. In the other species, all scales are roughly of similar size, without obviously enlarged dorsolateral scales. Pictures not to scale.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 4. Maps showing the distribution of species and candidate species of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group (= subgenus Domerguella), as verified by molecular data presented herein. Basemap shows vegetation across Madagascar from the Madagascar Vegetation Mapping Project (Moat & Smith 2007; formerly available at www.vegmad.org). Vegetation is colored as follows: green, humid forest (rainforest); red, western dry deciduous forest; bluish, western subhumid forest; orange, south western dry spiny forest-thicket; yellow, tapia forest.

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree from a in Integrative revision of the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group reveals an unexpected diversity of little brown geckos in Madagascar's rainforest

FIGURE 3. Majority-rule consensus tree from a partitioned maximum likelihood analysis of a multigene dataset of 10,141 bp of fragments of five mitochondrial and eight nuclear markers for all species and candidate species in the Lygodactylus madagascariensis group. Lineages are colored to match the 16S tree and haplotype networks (Figs. 1‒2). A1 to A5 are ad-hoc defined major subclades as discussed in the text. Outer circles of different color mark categories of bootstrap branch support as indicated, inner circles of different color mark categories of Posterior Probability support from a separate partitioned Bayesian analysis.

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FIGURE 1 in Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov., a new species of Tiger Gecko from Guangdong China (Squamata: Eublepharidae)

FIGURE 1. Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov. from Guangdong, China. A: Immature female (photographed in the field); B: Adult female (photographed in the field); C: Scalation and coloration characters of the head (same individual as in Fig 1B); D: Habitat of Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov..

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FIGURE 3 in Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov., a new species of Tiger Gecko from Guangdong China (Squamata: Eublepharidae)

FIGURE 3. Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov.. A: Dorsal view of holotype, ECNU-V0085; B: Doreal view of paratype, ECNUV0084; C: Ventral view of the snout tip of ECNU-V0085; D: Dorsal view of the snout tip of ECNU-V0085; E: Lateral view of the sheathed claws of ECNU-V0085; F: Precloacal region of ECNU-V0085.

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FIGURE 2. Phylogeny showing relationships among 25 in Goniurosaurus wangshu sp. nov., a new species of Tiger Gecko from Guangdong China (Squamata: Eublepharidae)

FIGURE 2. Phylogeny showing relationships among 25 Goniurosaurus species and one outgroup taxon. Maximum likelihood tree topology. Support values for major clades in the form of bootstrap values (maximum likelihood) and posterior probabilities (Bayesian Inference) are shown above and below branches, respectively. Specimens of G. wangshu sp. nov. are underlined in the tree.

Figure 6 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 6. (a) Scatterplots of all variable groups on coordinates of (1) Dim1–Dim2, (2) Dim3–Dim4 axes in the multiple factor analysis (MFA); (b) the first four important variables contributing to (1) Dim1, (2) Dim2, (3) Dim3, (4) Dim4; (c) scatter diagrams illustrating ecological spaces of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii on coordinates of (1) Dim1–Dim2, (2) Dim3–Dim4 axes.

Figure 4 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 4. Microhabitat parameters and activity of Goniurosaurus huuliensis (1) and Goniurosaurus luii (2): (a) substrate type; (b) position to cave/ crevice; (c) activity status; (d) substrate moisture.

Figure 5 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 5. The number of observed individuals of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii at different time intervals.

Figure 3 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 3. Microhabitat characters of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii. (a) Air temperature; (b) substrate surface temperature; (c) animal temperature; (d) relative air humidity; (e) substrate angle; (f) occupied height; (g) canopy coverage; (h) elevation.

Figure 2 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 2. (a) Karst mountain inhabited by Goniurosaurus huuliensis; (b) Microhabitat of Goniurosaurus luii; (c) G. huuliensis; and (d) G. luii on rock substrate. (Photographed by Hai N. Ngo.)

Figure 1 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 1. Geographic distribution of Goniurosaurus huuliensis (violet circles enclosed by a violet line) and Goniurosaurus luii (pink triangles – northern Vietnam; pink squares – southern China – enclosed by a pink line). The orange square represents the distribution of another tiger gecko species, namely Goniurosaurus araneus, in China.

Figure 7 in Ecological niche overlap of two allopatric karst-adapted tiger geckos (Goniurosaurus) from northern Vietnam: microhabitat use and implications for conservation

Figure 7. Anthropogenic impacts in natural habitats of Goniurosaurus huuliensis and Goniurosaurus luii: (a) quarrying for cement production; (b) timber logging. (Photographed by Hai N. Ngo.)