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◂Fig. 7 Iberozospeum vasconicum. Light blue clade; (a) NMBE 557198, Cueva de la Fuente de Estragueña, 16.6.2011, sh: 1.26 mm; (b) NMBE 557138, Castro, Laredo, La Baja, 12.4.2017, sh: 1.11 mm; (c) NMBE 557232, Triano, Galdames, Mina Princesa (superior), 3.7.2016, sh: 1.51 mm; (d) NMBE 557211, Triano, Güenes, Grazal, 2.10.2016, sh: 1.49 mm; (e) NMBE 557174, Triano, Galdames, Escachabel-2 (Urallaga), 1.4.2013, sh: 1.44 mm; (f) NMBE 557200, Triano, Galdames, Bitzkaia, Cueva de la San Juan, 10.6.2012, sh: 1.23 mm; (g) NMBE 557189, Durang, Atxondo, Azkillar (= Galtaikoba), 16.3.2014, sh: 1.19 mm; (h) NMBE 557182, Durang, Zeberio, Cueva Hatxondo, 30.12.2012, sh: 1.28 mm; (i) NMBE 557221, Aralar, Arbizu, Cueva Irutxin, 20.6.2015, sh: 1.54 mm; (j) NMBE 557242, Ason, Matienzo, Cueva Cubija (= Marcos), 19.7.2016, sh: 1.34 mm; (k) NMBE 557178, Salvada, Berberana, Las Paules, 21.6.2011, sh: 1.3 mm; (l) NMBE 557180, Salvada, Izarra, Torca Lejazar, 28.12.2013, sh: 1.29 mm; (m) NMBE 557244, Salvada, Berberana, Las Paules, 9.11.2013, sh: 1.28 mm; (n) NMBE 557158, Aizkorri, Eskoriatza, Saiturri-2, 22.2.2017, sh: 1.47 mm; (o) NMBE 557187, Aralar, Ataun, Cueva Akaitz Txiki, 14.1.2014, sh: 1.47 mm; (p) NMBE 557188, Aralar, Ataun, Cueva Akaitz Txiki, 14.1.2014, sh: 1.32 mm. NMBE 557162, Aizkorri, Parzoneria, Perusaroi-1, 15.5.2017 (subadult shell, not shown on plate). No pictures of NMBE 540551.1, 540552.1, 540552.3, 540553.1 (shells destroyed). — All phot.× 40 in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)

◂Fig. 7 Iberozospeum vasconicum. Light blue clade; (a) NMBE 557198, Cueva de la Fuente de Estragueña, 16.6.2011, sh: 1.26 mm; (b) NMBE 557138, Castro, Laredo, La Baja, 12.4.2017, sh: 1.11 mm; (c) NMBE 557232, Triano, Galdames, Mina Princesa (superior), 3.7.2016, sh: 1.51 mm; (d) NMBE 557211, Triano, Güenes, Grazal, 2.10.2016, sh: 1.49 mm; (e) NMBE 557174, Triano, Galdames, Escachabel-2 (Urallaga), 1.4.2013, sh: 1.44 mm; (f) NMBE 557200, Triano, Galdames, Bitzkaia, Cueva de la San Juan, 10.6.2012, sh: 1.23 mm; (g) NMBE 557189, Durang, Atxondo, Azkillar (= Galtaikoba), 16.3.2014, sh: 1.19 mm; (h) NMBE 557182, Durang, Zeberio, Cueva Hatxondo, 30.12.2012, sh: 1.28 mm; (i) NMBE 557221, Aralar, Arbizu, Cueva Irutxin, 20.6.2015, sh: 1.54 mm; (j) NMBE 557242, Ason, Matienzo, Cueva Cubija (= Marcos), 19.7.2016, sh: 1.34 mm; (k) NMBE 557178, Salvada, Berberana, Las Paules, 21.6.2011, sh: 1.3 mm; (l) NMBE 557180, Salvada, Izarra, Torca Lejazar, 28.12.2013, sh: 1.29 mm; (m) NMBE 557244, Salvada, Berberana, Las Paules, 9.11.2013, sh: 1.28 mm; (n) NMBE 557158, Aizkorri, Eskoriatza, Saiturri-2, 22.2.2017, sh: 1.47 mm; (o) NMBE 557187, Aralar, Ataun, Cueva Akaitz Txiki, 14.1.2014, sh: 1.47 mm; (p) NMBE 557188, Aralar, Ataun, Cueva Akaitz Txiki, 14.1.2014, sh: 1.32 mm. NMBE 557162, Aizkorri, Parzoneria, Perusaroi-1, 15.5.2017 (subadult shell, not shown on plate). No pictures of NMBE 540551.1, 540552.1, 540552.3, 540553.1 (shells destroyed). — All phot.× 40

Fig. 2 in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)

Fig. 2 Combined maximum likelihood (RAxML) and Bayesian inference (BI) tree based on concatenated data set of COI, 16S, H3 and 5.8 S rRNA % ITS2. The analysis comprises 67 individuals of northern Spanish Iberozospeum from 55 caves and seven Dinaride outgroup taxa. The tree was rooted by two species of Carychium from the collection of AJ (in the NMBE). Additionally, sequences of I. schaufussi, I. vasconicum and I. zaldivarae from their type localities are included. The numbers at the nodes represent the Bayesian posterior probabilities (left) and the bootstrap support values (right). The dash (-) means that the node is not supported

Fig.1 in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)

Fig.1 Sampling locations of Iberozospeum specimens from northern Spanish caves grouped into clades named by province of origin and designated by coloured circles; stars represent the type localities of the hitherto known species

Fig. 5 in Molecular investigation and description of Iberozospeum n. gen., including the description of one new species (Eupulmonata, Ellobioidea, Carychiidae)

Fig. 5 Iberozospeum bellesi. Dark blue clade; (a) NMBE 557236, Zugarram, Sare, Lezea, 13.12.2015, sh: 1.67 mm. (b) NMBE 557234, Zugarram, Zugarramurdi, Lexotoa-2, 20.12.2015, sh: 1.38 mm. — All phot.× 40

Fig. 5 in Critical review of fossil record of Ranina Lamarck, 1801 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae), with description of Tethyranina n. gen.

Fig. 5 -?Ranina pellattieroi De Angeli & Beschin, 2011, Holotype MCZ 3392-I.G.336930, dorsal view (x 1.5).

Fig. 1 in Critical review of fossil record of Ranina Lamarck, 1801 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae), with description of Tethyranina n. gen.

Fig. 1 - Ranina ranina (Linnaeus, 1758), MSNM Cr 2442, extant adult female, Western Indo-Pacific Ocean. Orbitofrontal outline with the main diagnostic proxy characters.

Fig. 3 - A in Critical review of fossil record of Ranina Lamarck, 1801 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae), with description of Tethyranina n. gen.

Fig. 3 - A) Ranina ranina (Linnaeus, 1758), MSNM Cr 2442, extant adult female, Western Indo-Pacific Ocean. (x 0.8). B) Ranina ranina (Linnaeus, 1758), WN-1, MFM 142326; Ryukyu Islands, Japan (x 2.5).

Fig. 4 - A in Critical review of fossil record of Ranina Lamarck, 1801 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae), with description of Tethyranina n. gen.

Fig. 4 - A) Tethiranina propinqua (Ristori, 1891) n. comb., Holotype MPUR i.543, dorsal view. B) Tethiranina propinqua (Ristori, 1891) n. comb., Paratype MUSNAF 7075. (x 1.5).

Fig. 2 - Ranina palmea E. Sismonda, 1846 in Critical review of fossil record of Ranina Lamarck, 1801 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae), with description of Tethyranina n. gen.

Fig. 2 - Ranina palmea E. Sismonda, 1846, original line drawing by the author (Sismonda, 1846: Pl. 3, fig. 3).

Fig. 6 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n in A new raninoid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae) from the early Oligocene (late Rupelian) of Italy

Fig. 6 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. sp., variability in the 2nd anterolateral spine. A) MPOM 1770 (x 2.5). B) MPOM 23 (x 1.7). C) MPOM 701 (x 2.2). D) MPOM 1776 (x 2.5).

Fig. 5 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n in A new raninoid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae) from the early Oligocene (late Rupelian) of Italy

Fig. 5 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. sp. A) C3 (Ponzone), right chela (x 1.3). B) MPOM 740 (Ciglione), right and partial left chela (natural size). C) MPOM 1780, male chelae (x1.1).

Fig. 4 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. s.p in A new raninoid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae) from the early Oligocene (late Rupelian) of Italy

Fig. 4 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. s.p., RMT (Giusvalla). A)?female sternum (x1.8). B) 3rd maxilliped with endo- and exopodites (x 1.1). C) MPOM 39 (Ciglione), female somites (natural size).

Fig. 3 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n in A new raninoid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae) from the early Oligocene (late Rupelian) of Italy

Fig. 3 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. sp, MPOM 1780 (Ciglione), mature male. A) dorsal view (natural size). B) anterolateral outline (x 1). C) pleonal view (x 1.1).

Fig. 2 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n in A new raninoid crab (Decapoda, Brachyura, Raninidae) from the early Oligocene (late Rupelian) of Italy

Fig. 2 - Alcespina ovadaensis n. gen., n. sp., carapace in dorsal view. A) holotype, MPOM 290 (Galanti, Cassinelle) (x 1.6). B) paratype, 17MT (Rio Volpina, Ponzone) (x 1.4). C) paratype, MPOM 1770 (Ciglione) (x 1.4). D) paratype, MPOM 1779 (Ponzone) (x 1.5).

Fig. 27 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 27. Male genitalia: aedeagus in ventral view, aedeagus in lateral view, digitus. A. Afrepipona angusta (de Saussure, 1863) from Adi Keyh (MSVI). B. Afrepipona cellularis sp. nov., holotype from Nyamandhlovu (MSNVE). C. Afrepipona clonata sp. nov., holotype from Nairobi (MSNVE). D. Afrepipona cuprea sp. nov., paratype from Malindi (MSVI). E. Afrepipona lamptoensis Giordani Soika, 1965 from Lamto (AMNH).F. Afrepipona lobulata sp. nov., holotype from Lubumbashi (AMNH). G. Afrepipona macrocephala (Gribodo, 1894) from Delagoa (MSNVE). H. Afrepipona meridionalis sp. nov., holotype from Durban (MSNVE). I. Afrepipona occidentalis sp. nov., paratype from Lamto (MSNVE).J. Afrepipona punctatissima sp. nov., holotype from Maralal (MSNVE).K. Afrepipona scabra sp. nov., paratype from Kabongo (MSNVE). L. Afrepipona segregata sp. nov., holotype from Tulear (NHMW). M. Afrepipona tertia Gusenleitner, 2011, holotype from Bangui (OLML). N. Afrepipona ulterior sp. nov., paratype from Pretoria (MSVI). O. Afrepipona vulcanica sp. nov., paratype from Mount Kilimanjaro (MSVI). P. Afrepsilon ferrugineoaureum gen. et sp. nov., paratype from Berea (MSVI). Q. Afrepsilon minor gen. et gen. et sp. nov., holotype from Mount Kilimanjaro (OLML).

Fig. 25 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 25. Afrepsilon minor gen. et sp. nov., ♂, paratype from Mount Kilimanjaro (MSVI). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Flagellum, lateral view. D. T2–3, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 22 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 22. Afrepsilon aterrimum gen. et sp. nov., ♀, holotype from Uganda (MSNVE). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. T2–3, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 24 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 24. Afrepsilon hybridum gen. et sp. nov., ♀, holotype from Umtali (MSNVE). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Head, dorsal view. D. T2–3, dorsal view. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Fig. 20 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 20. Afrepipona vulcanica sp. nov. A, C, E–F. ♀ holotype from Mount Kilimanjaro (MSNVE). B, D. ♂, paratype from Mount Kilimanjaro (MSVI). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B–C. Head, frontal view. D. Flagellum, lateral view. E. Head, dorsal view. F. T2–3, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 18. Afrepipona tertia Gusenleitner, 2011 in Revision of the Afrotropical genus Afrepipona Giordani Soika, 1965 and description of Afrepsilon gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eumeninae)

Fig. 18. Afrepipona tertia Gusenleitner, 2011, ♂, holotype from Bangui (OLML). A. Habitus, dorsal view. B. Head, frontal view. C. Flagellum, lateral view. D. T2–3, dorsal view. Scale bars = 1 mm.