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opencc-ncMay 2018View details →

cb-oura-1.0 : Generic climate scenarios from bias-adjusted CMIP5 global models

Context  The need to adapt to climate change is present in a growing number of fields, leading to an increase in the demand for climate scenarios for often interrelated sectors of activity. In order to meet this growing demand and to ensure the availability of climate scenarios responding to numerous vulnerability, impact, and adaptation (VIA) studies, <a href="https://www.ouranos.ca/">Ouranos</a> is working to create a set of operational multipurpose climate scenarios. The initial version of “Scénarios Génériques” (generic scenarios, acronym cb-oura-1.0) is used mainly in Ouranos’ work to provide a consistent image of the changing climate over the North East of North America, principally the province of Québec. Cb-oura-1.0 was produced in 2016 by downscaling and bias-adjusting a selection of global climate model simulations available through the CMIP5 program.  Climate simulations  <table> <caption>Climate simulations in the ensemble</caption> <thead> <tr> <th scope="col">Modeling center</th> <th scope="col">Acronym</th> <th scope="col">Model</th> <th scope="col">RCP</th> <th scope="col">Status*</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody> <tr> <td>College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University</td> <td>GCESS</td> <td>BNU-ESM</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis</td> <td>CCCMA</td> <td>CanESM2</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Centro Euro-Mediterraneo per I Cambiamenti Climatici</td> <td>CMCC</td> <td>CMCC-CMS</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO) and Bureau of Meteorology (BOM), Australia</td> <td>CSIRO-BOM</td> <td>ACCESS1.3</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Institute for Numerical Mathematics</td> <td>INM</td> <td>INM-CM4</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace</td> <td>IPSL</td> <td>IPSL-CM5A-LR</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>IPSL-CM5B-LR</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Met Office Hadley Centre</td> <td>MOHC</td> <td>HadGem2</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology)</td> <td>MPI-M</td> <td>MPI-ESM</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Norwegian Climate Centre</td> <td>NCC</td> <td>NorESM</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>a</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td>NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory</td> <td>NOAA-GFDL</td> <td>GFDL-ESM2M</td> <td>4.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.5</td> <td>s</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> From the complete ensemble of RCP 4.5 and 8.5 driven CMIP5 climate simulations, a selection of 22 simulations (11 per RCP) was made using a clustering ensemble reduction methodology (Casajus et al. 2016).  This objective selection method identifies a reduced number of simulations that best represent the overall ensemble.  Input criteria for the reduction were the monthly changes between the present (1981-2010) and two future horizons (2041-2070 and 2071-2100), at 15 regions distributed across Canada, for three variables (mean daily maximum temperature, mean daily minimum temperature and total precipitation). An initial selection of 16 simulations shows a distribution projected changes for the 12 (months) x 2 (horizons) x 15 (regions) x 3 (variables) indices that is not statistically different from the complete ensemble.  A small number of simulations were subsequently added to have a complete set with both RCPs represented equally (11 members for each emission scenario).  Reference dataset  The bias-adjustment reference (or target) is a gridded observation dataset produced by Natural Resources Canada (McKenney et al., 2011; et Hutchinson et al. ,2009). It uses the ANUSPLIN interpolation method over station observations to derive daily grids of minimum and maximum temperature, as well as total precipitation for the Canadian landmass. The grid has a resolution of 10 km x 10 km and cover the time period from 1950 to 2013.  As this dataset is not available over the United States, it was merged with another observation interpolation dataset produced by Livneh et al. (2015) in order to enable the production of bias-corrected climate scenarios covering a portion of the northern United States.  Coverage  The final version of this dataset covers a region covering the Atlantic provinces, Québec, Ontario, Manitoba and Saskatchewan and part of the northern United States: From 120°W to 54°W and from 40°N to 62°N.  It contains the daily minimum temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily precipitation flux, covering the period 1950 to 2100.  Bias-adjustment  The global simulations where downscaled to the reference grid using bilinear interpolation and then bias-adjusted with a 1-D quantile mapping method, as described by Gennaretti et al. (2015). A moving window of 31 days was used to adjust each day of the year, using 50 quantiles to define the statistical distributions to match. The long-term linear trends of the temperature variables were preserved explicitly.  Climate indicators  This dataset is used to in the first versions (up to 1.3) of Ouranos’ <a href="https://www.ouranos.ca/en/climate-portraits">Climate Portraits </a>website. A selection of 26 seasonal and annual climate indicators were computed from the daily scenarios, using the xclim software package (Logan et al. 2022).  The "virtual indicator module" used for the computation is made available here in the "indicators.yml" file. On the Climate Portraits website, the information is presented from three aspects: spatial, temporal and summary. This repository stores the reduced ensemble data as shown on the website. Filenames are constructed as "{aspect}_{indicator}_{season}.nc". <ul> <li> Maps (files "spatial_*") : Climate indicators for each bias-adjusted climate simulation and for a given RCP emission scenario are averaged over 30-year horizons.  Ensemble percentiles are computed in order to summarize climate model uncertainty.  In particular the 10, 25, 50, 75 and 90th percentiles over the 11 members are calculated for each RCP.  </li> <li> Timeseries (files "temporal_*") : Climate indicators for each bias-adjusted simulation are averaged spatially over each region for every time step (annual or seasonal). The ensemble statistics are computed by first pooling all regional average values for the 11 members using within a centred 30-year window and then calculating percentile values (same as above) on the pooled data.  </li> </ul> <ul> <li> Summary (files "summary_*") : The indicators are averaged over each region and then over 30-year horizons. The ensemble statistics (same as above) are then computed.  </li> </ul> In versions 2.x of the app, this data will be presented as "CMIP5". Data availability  This repository stores the climate indicator ensemble statistics as shown on the Climate Portraits website and described above. The complete daily dataset is too large for this platform. The complete daily dataset is available through the public THREDDS server of the PAVICS platform maintained by Ouranos. This data might be removed in the future. When this is the case, please contact us for data requests. <a href="https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/datasets/simulations/bias_adjusted/cmip5/ouranos/cb-oura-1.0/catalog.html">https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/datasets/simulations/bias_adjusted/cmip5/ouranos/cb-oura-1.0/catalog.html</a>  The annual and season indicators of the Climate Portraits website are available on the same server, along with a few more indicators not shown on the app. <a href="https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/birdhouse/ouranos/portraits-clim-1.3/catalog.html">https://pavics.ouranos.ca/twitcher/ows/proxy/thredds/catalog/birdhouse/ouranos/portraits-clim-1.3/catalog.html</a> Terms of use:  Use of this dataset should be acknowledged as 'Data produced and provided by the Ouranos Consortium on Regional Climatology and Adaptation to Climate Change'. Furthermore, the modeling groups from which the bias-adjusted climate scenarios were constructed must also be acknowledged, please refer to: The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project <a href="https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/citation.html.">https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/citation.html.</a>

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2023View details →

Instances and detailed results for the whole testbed of "The Storage Location Assignment and Picker Routing Problem: A Generic Branch-Cut-and-Price Algorithm"

This repository contains the instances and detailed results used for the computational experiments in the article "The Storage Location Assignment and Picker Routing Problem: A Generic Branch-Cut-and-Price Algorithm". Two sets of instances are used: The first set of instances comes from the paper "Integrating storage location and order picking problems in warehouse planning" authored by Allyson Silva, Leandro C. Coelho, Maryzam Darvish and Jacques Renaud. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102003 Their instances are available on the following website: https://www.leandro-coelho.com/slot-assignment-and-order-picking/ The second set of instances comes from the paper "Storage assignment for newly arrived items in forward picking areas with limited open locations" authored by Xiaolong Guo, Ran Chen, Shaofu Du and Yugang Yu. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2021.102359 The set of small instances is made available on this repository, with the kind permission of the authors.

Figures 8–12. Dacne and Xenodacne spp. 8–11 in Subgenera of Dacne Latreille, 1797 (Erotylidae: Erotylinae: Dacnini) given full generic rank

Figures 8–12. Dacne and Xenodacne spp. 8–11) Dorsal pronotum. 8) Dacne quadrimaculata. 9) Dacne californica. 10) Xenodacne picea. 11) Xenodacne pubescens. 12) Female genitalia Dacne quadrimaculata. (Reproduced from Boyle 1956).

Figures 17–19. Ventral sternites. 17 in Subgenera of Dacne Latreille, 1797 (Erotylidae: Erotylinae: Dacnini) given full generic rank

Figures 17–19. Ventral sternites. 17) Ameridacne brodzinskyi, amber fossil. 18) Ameridacne ducke. 19) Dacne quadrimaculata. (Reproduced from Skelley 2009).

Figures 13–16 in Subgenera of Dacne Latreille, 1797 (Erotylidae: Erotylinae: Dacnini) given full generic rank

Figures 13–16. Ventral view of proventrite and female genitalia. 13–14) Afrodacne aequinoctialis. 15–16) Microsternus ulkei (Crotch) (Reproduced from Boyle 1956).

Figures 1–7 in Subgenera of Dacne Latreille, 1797 (Erotylidae: Erotylinae: Dacnini) given full generic rank

Figures 1–7. Pronota and antennae of Afrodacne, Dacne and Xenodacne. 1) Pronotum of Afrodacne aequinoctialis, dorsal view, basal width = 1.75 mm. 2) Pronotum of Dacne quadrimaculata, dorsal view, basal width = 1.42 mm. 3) Pronotum of Xenodacne pubescens, dorsal view, basal width = 1.06 mm. 4) Pronotum of Dacne quadrimaculata, left lateral view, margin length = 0.70 mm. 5) Pronotum of Xenodacne pubescens, left lateral view, margin length = 0.51 mm. 6) Antenna of Dacne quadrimaculata, antennomere X width = 0.24 mm. 7) Antenna of Dacne picta, antennomere X width = 0.30 mm. (Reproduced from Skelley 1997).

Fig. 3 in The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa, with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. l.: Microphorinae)

Fig. 3. Schistostoma kalkgat sp. n.: (A) Hypopygium, right lateral view; (B) Hypopygium, hypandrium and cercus removed, left lateral view, (C) Hypandrium, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc – cercus; epand – epandrium; ej apod – ejaculatory apodeme; hypd – hypandrium; pgt – postgonite; ph – phallus; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa, with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. l.: Microphorinae)

Fig. 2. Schistostoma brandbergensis sp. n.: (A) Hypopygium, right lateral view; (B) Hypopygium, hypandrium and cercus removed, left lateral view; (C) Hypandrium, dorsal view; (D) Phallus and internal structures, right lateral view.Abbreviations: cerc – cercus; epand – epandrium; ej apod – ejaculatory apodeme; hypd – hypandrium; hypd arm – hypandrial arm; pgt – postgonite; ph – phallus; sur – surstylus. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1 in The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa, with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. l.: Microphorinae)

Fig. 1. Schistostoma albopilosum (Becker): (A) Hypopygium, right lateral view; (B) Hypopygium, hypandrium and cercus removed, left lateral view; (C) Hypandrium, dorsal view; (D) Apical part of female terminalia, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cerc – cercus; epand – epandrium; ej apod – ejaculatory apodeme; hypd – hypandrium; pgt – postgonite; ph – phallus; sur – surstylus; T – tergite. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in The genus Schistostoma Becker from southern Africa, with an evaluation of its generic status (Diptera: Dolichopodidae s. l.: Microphorinae)

Fig. 4. Acacia Karoo stand on the farm Kalkgat Noord (C. kalkgat type locality), in the north-eastern Knersvlakte, October 2000. Photograph by Ute Schmiedel.

Figure 4 in Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses

Figure 4. Phylogenetic tree from Bayesian inference for Nilotanypus Kieffer and outgroups (Table 1) based on concatenated gene fragments. Posterior probabilities (PP) and Bootstrap support (BS from Maximum Likelihood analysis) are indicated above branches only for nodes with PP> 0.95 or BS> 70. Maximal supported nodes are indicated with an asterisk. A dash (–) for either PP or BS indicates a value below the threshold for support; unlabelled nodes lack support under both criteria.

Figure 2. Nilotanypus Kieffer. Pupa. A, B in Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses

Figure 2. Nilotanypus Kieffer. Pupa. A, B. Thoracic horn; C. Wing sheath; D–F. Abdomen, male); D. dorsal, E. ventral. Larva. F. Head capsule, left side ventral, right side dorsal; G. Dorsal head capsule; H. Antenna; I. Antennal apex, detail; J. Mandible; K. Ligula, paraligula; l. Maxilla; M. Submentum; N. Anterior parapod small comb claw; O. Posterior body; P. Posterior parapod comb claw. A, D–F, H–O. N. haplochelus sp. n.; B, C, G, P. N. ctenochelus sp. n. Abbreviations: S5 – S10 – cephalic setae, DP – dorsal pit, VP – ventral pit.

Figure 1. Nilotanypus Kieffer. Adult. A–D in Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses

Figure 1. Nilotanypus Kieffer. Adult. A–D. Head, anterior view, right side, ♂, A, C. ♀, B, D.; E–F. Thorax, E. dor- sal, F. lateral; G. Mid-dorsal sensory pit; H. Wing (male); I, J. Tibial apices, I. P1, J. P3; K. Male hypopygium; L. Gonostylus; M. Female genitalia left side only; N. Anterior vaginal cavity, detail. A–B, E–K, M–N. N. haplochelus sp. n.; C–D, L. N. ctenochelus sp.n. Abbreviations: fr–frontal setae, iv–inner vertical setae, ped–pedestal setae, ov– outer vertical setae, sc-scape setae. Fig. 1G after Roback, 1986.

Figure 5. BEAST chronogram from a data set corresponding with Table 1 in Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses

Figure 5. BEAST chronogram from a data set corresponding with Table 1. Values at nodes are time to most recent common ancestor (tmrca) with HPD (95% Highest Posterior Density) intervals in parentheses. The time scale is in millions of years before present.

Figure 3 in Verifying Australian Nilotanypus Kieffer (Chironomidae) In A Global Perspective: Molecular Phylogenetic And Temporal Analyses, New Species And Emended Generic Diagnoses

Figure 3. Nilotanypus ctenochelus sp. n. A. Wing sheath, tubercle row; B. Larval posterior parapod, comb claw.

FIG. 18 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 18. — Secondary phloem of Adenocalymma: A-G, transverse sections; A, Adenocalymma bracteatum, thin fiber bands. Single periderm with a thin-walled phellem, and a thick-walled phelloderm; B, Adenocalymma flaviflorum variant phloem. Non-fibrous, sieve tubes in radial multiples of 2 till 5 cells. Rays lignify when crossing the fiber bands; C, Detail of the variant phloem of Adenocalymma flaviflorum. Sieve tubes typically with two companion cells, each lying on a different corner. Axial parenchyma as the background tissue; D, Adenocalymma divaricatum variant phloem. Fibrous-phloem. Sieve tubes in tangential arrangement. Rays with portions lignified and non-lignified; E, Adenocalymma comosum variant phloem. Semi-fibrous phloem. U-shaped fiber bands. Sieve tubes in radial multiples of two to three cells, rarely solitary; F, G, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum variant phloem. Fibrous-phloem. Sieve tubes with a tangential arrangement. Rays sometimes lignify when crossing the fiber bands. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. Crystals abundant; G, detail of the styloid crystals in rays (arrowhead). Prismatic crystals also present. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pe, periderm; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, D, 200 μm; B, E, 150 μm; C, G, 50 μm; F, 100 μm.

FIG. 17 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 17. — Secondary phloem of Adenocalymma mirabile: A-C, Adenocalymma mirabile transverse-sections; A, regular phloem. Thin to thick fiber bands. Periderm with stratified phellem, with alternating thin and thick-walled, lignified cells. Phelloderm thick, with over 3 cell layers; B, overall view of the variant phloem. Non-fibrous to semi-fibrous phloem. Fiber bands thin to thick, U-shaped in several portions. Limiting ray lignified to both xylem and phloem face; C, detail of the variant phloem. Rays alternate in being lignified or not. Prismatic crystals present in rays (arrowheads). Sieve tubes in short radial or tangential multiples. Abbreviations: pe, periderm; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, C, 200 μm; B, 300 μm.

FIG. 16 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 16. — Secondary phloem of Dolichandra: A-D, transverse sections; B, Dolichandra unguiculata. All other photos are from Dolichandra unguiscati; A, limiting rays non-lignified, tend to expand and divide (arrows), non-fibrous phloem. Thin fiber bands; B, non-fibrous phloem, sieve tubes in short radial multiples. Limiting rays non-lignified; C, pith also undergo divisions, uniting to divisions at the limiting rays (arrowheads). Nonconducting phloem collapsed; D, detail of the conducting variant phloem. Sieve tubes (arrows) with one or two companion cells. Acicular crystals abundant; E, tangential section. Storied structure in both axial and ray cells; F, radial section. Sieve tube elements with compound sieve plates (arrow). Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; pi, pith. Scale bars: A, 200 μm; B, E, 150 μm; C, 500 μm; D, 50 μm; F, 100 μm.

FIG. 15 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 15. — Secondary phloem of Amphilophium: A-G, Amphilophium crucigerum; A-E, transverse sections; A, periderm with a stratified phellem, with an alternation of thick-walled lignified cells, and thin-walled, non-lignified cells. Phelloderm thick; B, prismatic crystals abundant in the phellem (arrowheads); C, included phloem wedge forms interxylary phloem in the genus. The cambium remains active and produce phloem in the enclosed wedgde, causing a conspicuous collapse of the nonconducting phloem; D, regular phloem with thin to thick fiber bands. A large portion of the nonconducting undergoes extensive collapse. Some of the rays greatly dilate by division of the ray margins, forming wedge shaped rays. Some ray cells undergo belated sclerosis forming sclereids (arrows); E, detail of the secondary phloem, showing turgid sieve tubes (arrows) with one companion cell lying on its corner. Loss of conductivity happens a few layers away from the cambium, with collapse of the sieve tubes (arrowheads); F, longitudinal radial section. Wide sieve tubes with simple sieve plates. Crystalliferous parenchyma bearing prismatic crystals around fiber band; G, longitudinal tangential section, regular phloem. Axial parenchyma storied, rays wide, with over 5 cells in width. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone. Scale bars: A, C, G, 200 μm; B, F, 100 μm; D, 600 μm; E, 50 μm.

FIG. 14 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis

FIG. 14. — Secondary phloem of the Multiples of four clade: A-E, transverse sections: A-C, E, variant phloem. Non-fibrous, sieve tubes (arrows) in radial multiples. Axial parenchyma also forming radial rows. Crystalliferous parenchyma around fiber bands (arrowheads), prismatic crystals present. In E some styloid crystals along the prismatic crystals. Limiting rays (lr) lignified only to the xylem face. Rays lignify only when crossing the fiber bands in A, B, never lignifying in C; E, fiber bands thin, with two-three layers of cells; A, Bignonia sciuripabulum; B, Mansoa difficilis; C, Pyrostegia venusta; D, Anemopaegma laeve regular phloem; E, Anemopaegma laeve. Sieve tubes (arrows) narrow. Sometimes in assemblages (yellow arrow); F, Mansoa difficilis radial section. Sieve tubes with compound sieve plates (arrowhead) and over a millimeter. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; lr, limiting ray. Scale bars: A, B, F, 100 μm; C, 200 μm; D, E, 50 μm.