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1,709 results for “Reflectivity”
EQUIVALENT WORDS AND THEIR REFLECTION IN A WORK OF ART
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Grain size, color reflectance and magnetic susceptibility data from core DY-1 in the Datong Basin, north China
<p>Linear-interpolation time scale for the series are added for consideration</p>
Genetic divergence and diversity reflect a predominant freshwater resident life history in Rainbow Trout from southwestern Alaska
<p>Rainbow Trout <i>Oncorhynchus mykiss</i> in southwestern Alaska occupy coastal watersheds near the northern boundary of the species native range and support a world class wild trout sport fishery. Although low freshwater temperatures and a short growing season in this region may favor anadromy, these populations appear to exhibit a freshwater resident life history strategy. In this study we used genetic data to evaluate two hypotheses regarding the influence of the presumed migratory behavior of these Rainbow Trout on reproductive isolation among and within watersheds. The results were largely consistent with the predictions but there were exceptions. The data supported the hypothesis that the freshwater resident behavior precludes marine-mediated gene flow resulting in large genetic divergence and low admixture among watersheds. The estimate of <i>F<sub>CT</sub></i> (among-watershed differentiation, 0.350) was large and reflected over 96% of the variation among all sampled aggregations (<i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> = 0.363). However, evidence of admixed individuals in two adjacent watersheds and five first generation migrants among five watersheds suggests that the potential for coastal migration with gene flow exists in these populations. The data also supported the hypothesis that aggregations formed within watersheds during the spawning period (May-June) represent reproductively isolated populations. The pairwise estimates of <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> and the <i>G</i>-test results revealed population structure in four of the six watersheds tested. However, not all aggregation pairs were found genetically distinct and there was notable variation in the pairwise <i>F<sub>ST</sub></i> estimates (0.000 – 0.067). In summary, the data reflected the predicted results for each hypothesis, but also revealed exceptions that, consistent with tagging studies, demonstrate the complexity of migratory behavior in southwestern Alaska Rainbow Trout. We discuss the implications of these results for fishery management and conservation.</p>
Mismatches between birds' spatial and temporal dynamics reflect their delayed response to global changes
<p>Global changes alter the dynamics of biodiversity, and are forecasted to continue or worsen in the decades to come. Modelling approaches used to anticipate these impacts are mainly based on the equivalence between spatial and temporal response to environmental forcings, generally called space-for-time substitution. However, several processes are known to generate deviations between spatial and temporal responses, potentially undermining the prediction based on space-for-time substitution.</p> <p>We here used high-resolution data from the french breeding bird survey to quantify and map the deviation between spatial and temporal patterns of bird abundances resulting from the dynamics of 124 species monitored in 2133 sites between 2001 and 2012. Using independent empirical data, we then tested specific predictions linked to the determinants (anthropogenic activities) and processes (lagged responses to environmental changes) potentially generating these deviations. We found that deviations between spatial and temporal patterns of abundances were particularly structured in space for bird communities. Following our predictions, these space–time deviations were positively correlated with the human influence on ecosystems, and linked with colonization–extinction ratios and community completeness, two markers of ongoing delayed responses to environmental changes. Our results suggest that the deviations between spatial and temporal patterns are related to recent anthropogenic environmental changes and disequilibrium responses to these changes. Investigating deviations between spatial and temporal patterns of biodiversity might open promising perspectives for a formal quantification of disequilibrium state of biodiversity at large spatial scale.</p>
Data from: Diet composition of reintroduced Red-and-Green Macaws (Ara chloropterus) reflects gradual adaptation to life in the wild
<p>Over the last two centuries, the Red-and-Green Macaw (<em>Ara chloropterus) </em>has become locally extinct in Argentina. In an attempt to restore its key ecosystem functions as both disperser and regulator of large-seeded plants, a reintroduction project was initiated at the Iberá National Park in northeastern Argentina. The ability of released individuals to find food is crucial, especially when working with captive-bred animals, as long-term establishment of a self-sustaining population depends on their short-term ability to exploit wild food sources. Monitoring of feeding habits is usually conducted through behavioral observation, but in recent years DNA metabarcoding has emerged as an alternative for obtaining highly resolved data on diet composition. In this study, we use a combination of both techniques to characterize the breadth and composition of the reintroduced macaws' diet. In addition, we compare the efficiency of both observational and molecular techniques to assess diet composition in a frugivorous bird. Individuals fed on a variety of plant species (n = 49) belonging to a broad phylogenetic spectrum (28 families). Dietary richness estimated by direct observation and DNA metabarcoding was similar, though smaller than the combination of the two datasets as both techniques detected at least 15 species not recorded by the other method. While the total number of detected species was higher for observational data, the rate of species-detection per sampling day was higher for DNA metabarcoding. These results suggest that a combination of both methods is required in order to obtain the most accurate account of the total diversity of the diet of a bird species. The ability of reintroduced macaws to successfully exploit local food resources throughout the year indicates a good level of adjustment to the release site, an important step towards the creation of a stable, self-sustaining population of Red-and-Green Macaws in Northern Argentina.</p>
Quantum Flagship benchmarks QIA/MPQ "reflection mechanism"
<p>Data and scripts for the benchmarks QIA.E.MPQ.REF.02a, QIA.E.MPQ.REF.04, QIA.E.MPQ.REF.08.</p>
Songbird preen oil odour reflects haemosporidian parasite load
<p>Data used for Talbott et al. 2022 <em>Animal Behaviour</em> (in press; anticipated publish date in June 2022). This data set includes capture data, proportion data for preen oil volatile compounds identified and quantified by GC-MS (trace values added; see paper for details), diagnostic data (qPCR for haemosporidian parasite load, given as proportion of parasite to host DNA), and FASTA files for parasite DNA sequences (sequences isolated using 343F/496R primer set)</p>
Data from: Ribosomal DNA sequence heterogeneity reflects intra-species phylogenies and predicts genome structure in two contrasting yeast species
The ribosomal RNA encapsulates a wealth of evolutionary information, including genetic variation that can be used to discriminate between organisms at a wide range of taxonomic levels. For example, the prokaryotic 16S rDNA sequence is very widely used both in phylogenetic studies and as a marker in metagenomic surveys and the ITS region, frequently used in plant phylogenetics, is now recognised as a fungal DNA barcode. However, this widespread use does not escape criticism, principally due to issues such as difficulties in classification of paralogous versus orthologous rDNA units and intragenomic variation, both of which may be significant barriers to accurate phylogenetic inference. We recently analysed datasets from the Saccharomyces Genome Resequencing Project, characterising rDNA sequence variation within multiple strains of the baker's yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and its nearest wild relative <i>Saccharomyces paradoxus</i> in unprecedented detail. Notably, both species possess single locus rDNA systems. Here, we use these new variation datasets to assess whether a more detailed characterisation of the rDNA locus can alleviate the second of these phylogenetic issues, sequence heterogeneity, while controlling for the first. We demonstrate that a strong phylogenetic signal exists within both datasets and illustrate how they can be used, with existing methodology, to estimate intra-species phylogenies of yeast strains consistent with those derived from whole-genome approaches. We also describe the use of partial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, a type of sequence variation found only in repetitive genomic regions, in identifying key evolutionary features such as genome hybridisation events and show their consistency with whole-genome Structure analyses. We conclude that our approach can transform rDNA sequence heterogeneity from a problem to a useful source of evolutionary information, enabling the estimation of highly accurate phylogenies of closely related organisms, and discuss how it could be extended to future studies of multi-locus rDNA systems.
Data from: White plumage color as an honest indicator: feather macrostructure links reflectance with reproductive effort and success
<p class="normal1">The structural condition of feathers may generally have a decisive role in shaping the color properties of the plumage. However, the information content of structurally mediated color differences is poorly known. This makes it particularly hard to determine the meaning of color variation in pigment-free white plumage patches. The white wing patch of the collared flycatcher (<em>Ficedula albicollis</em>) is an important sexual trait, and changes in its reflectance are partly due to macrostructural condition. We used two years of macrostructural, reflectance and breeding data from both sexes to examine whether wing patch macrostructure lends information content to actual reflectance in terms of reproductive effort and success. Macrostructure strongly predicted actual reflectance in males but only weakly in females. Furthermore, in males, feather vane width was related positively to current year reproductive effort, and negatively to previous year reproductive effort. This indicates that macrostructurally mediated reflectance attributes may inform the receiver not only of actual reproductive capacity but also of individual quality via reproductive costs.</p>
Dataset in "Continent-continent Collision between the South and North China Plates Revealed by Seismic Refraction and Reflection at the Southern Segment of the Tanlu Fault Zone""
<p>This dataset contains:</p> <p> Field-data FWI Results<br> Deep Seismic Profiling Result<br> Post-stack Depth Migration<br> Source Signature<br> Misfit Reduction</p> <p>Descriptions:<br> 1. the unit of distance or depth is meter;<br> 2. the unit of time is ms;<br> 3. all the *.dat files are saved as plain text files;<br> 4. all the *.m files are the Matlab scripts for loading and plotting the data.</p>
Text-fig. 5. Anacardiaceae (a–m), Burseraceae (n–q). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–f: Pentoperculum sp. a–c: USNM PAL 772360. a: Lateral view of endocarp, apex up; three germination valves visible, the central clearly displaying the bipartite nature of the valve, reflected light, palladium coated. b: Apical view displaying six locules, with two preserved germination valves at the lower left, reflected light, palladium coated. c: Basal view of the endocarp, the locules suggested by swellings; note point of attachment, micro-CT scan surface rendering. d–f: Pentoperculum sp. USNM PAL 772359, reflected light, palladium coated. d: Lateral view of a probable 6-loculed endocarp, apex up; a single intact germination valve in the center, displaying the central lineation that divides it in two. e: Apical view; two bi-partite germination valves are visible, indicated by arrows to the middle cleavage line of two of the valves. f: Basal view, the locules suggested by the undulations in the margin. g–i: Indet. Spondioideae. USNM PAL 772358, reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view of multi-locular endocarp, apex up. h: Apical view showing finely punctuate surface and peripheral locule cavities. i: Basal view. j–m: Cf. Pleiogynium USNM PAL 772357. j: Lateral view of the multi-locular endocarp, apex up; note intact germination valve on left and exposed locule facing the viewer, micro-CT scan surface rendering. k: Lateral view, rotated about 30° from (j), showing three exposed locules, reflected light, palladium coated; note bipartite locule lining at center. l: Apical view of the multilocular endocarp; the locule with intact germination valve at the upper right, reflected light, palladium coated. Arrows to each locule. m: Basal view showing central point of attachment and prominent radiating ridges aligned with the locules, micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–q: Canarium, USNM PAL 772361. Scale bar = 1 cm. n: Lateral view of endocarp directly facing one germination valve flanked by two strong ridges; apex up; specimen coated in sodium nitrate and photographed by R. A. Scott. o: Lateral view facing one of the three pronounced ridges, flanked to the left and right by two germination valves; apex up. p: Apical view displaying the three strong ridges, arching over the apex and flanking three deep embayments, covered with germination valves. q: Basal view, the three ridges being less pronounced. o–q: Reflected light, palladium coated. in The Early Middle Eocene Wagon Bed Carpoflora Of Central Wyoming, U.S.A.
Text-fig. 5. Anacardiaceae (a–m), Burseraceae (n–q). Scale bars = 1 cm. a–f: Pentoperculum sp. a–c: USNM PAL 772360. a: Lateral view of endocarp, apex up; three germination valves visible, the central clearly displaying the bipartite nature of the valve, reflected light, palladium coated. b: Apical view displaying six locules, with two preserved germination valves at the lower left, reflected light, palladium coated. c: Basal view of the endocarp, the locules suggested by swellings; note point of attachment, micro-CT scan surface rendering. d–f: Pentoperculum sp. USNM PAL 772359, reflected light, palladium coated. d: Lateral view of a probable 6-loculed endocarp, apex up; a single intact germination valve in the center, displaying the central lineation that divides it in two. e: Apical view; two bi-partite germination valves are visible, indicated by arrows to the middle cleavage line of two of the valves. f: Basal view, the locules suggested by the undulations in the margin. g–i: Indet. Spondioideae. USNM PAL 772358, reflected light, palladium coated. g: Lateral view of multi-locular endocarp, apex up. h: Apical view showing finely punctuate surface and peripheral locule cavities. i: Basal view. j–m: Cf. Pleiogynium USNM PAL 772357. j: Lateral view of the multi-locular endocarp, apex up; note intact germination valve on left and exposed locule facing the viewer, micro-CT scan surface rendering. k: Lateral view, rotated about 30° from (j), showing three exposed locules, reflected light, palladium coated; note bipartite locule lining at center. l: Apical view of the multilocular endocarp; the locule with intact germination valve at the upper right, reflected light, palladium coated. Arrows to each locule. m: Basal view showing central point of attachment and prominent radiating ridges aligned with the locules, micro-CT scan surface rendering. n–q: Canarium, USNM PAL 772361. Scale bar = 1 cm. n: Lateral view of endocarp directly facing one germination valve flanked by two strong ridges; apex up; specimen coated in sodium nitrate and photographed by R. A. Scott. o: Lateral view facing one of the three pronounced ridges, flanked to the left and right by two germination valves; apex up. p: Apical view displaying the three strong ridges, arching over the apex and flanking three deep embayments, covered with germination valves. q: Basal view, the three ridges being less pronounced. o–q: Reflected light, palladium coated.
CONTENT OF DEVELOPMENT OF PSYCHOLOGICAL PREPARATION OF FUTURE TEACHERS BASED ON PROFESSIONAL REFLECTION
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Figure 6 in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 6. Disparity in cranial and mandibular shape.
Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 4. Cranial and mandibular shape assignments from the k-NN analyses.
Figure 3 in Head morphology reflects the introduction history in a globally invasive carnivore-the small Indian mongoose
Figure 3. Linear discriminant analyses of cranial and mandibular shape from the sampled localities.
Seismic reflection data of the Ganyanchi baisn, Haiyuan fault, NE Tibetan Plateau
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Simultaneous Determination of Glucose and Albumin in Human Urine for Diagnosing Albuminuria using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
<p>The manuscript has not yet been published.</p> <p> </p>
Mitigating Reflective Cracking Through the Use of a Ductile Concrete Interlayer
<p>Corresponding data set for Tran-SET Project No. 18PLSU13. Abstract of the final report is stated below for reference:</p> <p>"Reflective cracking is considered one of the most important issues that causes premature deterioration of composite pavements. Many types of mitigation methods have been studied in the past. However, they are either not effective in delaying the reflective cracking, or they only extend the service life by a few years. To address this critical issue and significantly extend the service life of the composite pavement, in this research, a ductile interlayer made of engineered cementitious composites (ECC) was proposed. It was hypothesized that by adding a thin layer of highly ductile ECC material between the existing pavement and overlay, reflective cracking could be arrested by the ductile interlayer. This study experimentally evaluated the effectiveness of ECC as an interlayer system. A laboratory test protocol was designed to simulate repeated traffic loads to measure the fatigue performance of ECC interlayer system. The strain field and reflective cracking were monitored using digital image correlation (DIC) technique. It was found that the composite pavement specimens with ECC interlayer provided significantly higher fatigue life as compared to the control specimens without an interlayer. The failure mode also changed from single reflective crack to multiple cracks in overlaid HMA mixtures. The results indicated that ECC could be used as a potential effective interlayer system to retard or mitigate reflective cracking."</p>
Data for the paper "Using Extensive Core-reflected Phases to Constrain Sharp Inner Core Boundary beneath East Asia"
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THE ''NEW LOOK'' STYLE IN CLOTHING: HISTORICAL ORIGINS AND REFLECTION IN CONTEMPORARY FASHION.
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