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Figure 3 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 3. Frequency of anterior, posterior, and extra teeth showing perfect bilateral symmetry in D. bipectinata. SGP – Sangatigopp forest, YSC – Yalakki Shettar Colony, KUC – Karnatak University campus, KUN – Kundagol, LAB – laboratory populations.

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Figure 2 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 2. Frequency of anterior, posterior, and extra teeth showing perfect bilateral symmetry in D. ananassae. DM – Dharwad market, HM – Hubli market, KUC – Karnatak University campus, NAVN – Navanagar, LAB – laboratory populations.

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Figure 1 in Polymorphism among anterior and posterior sets of teeth in the periphallic organ of three species of Drosophila

Figure 1. Arrangement of anterior and posterior sets of teeth in periphallic organs of different species of Drosophila: a) D. ananassae, bilateral symmetry; b) D. bipectinata, bilateral symmetry; c) D. malerkotliana, bilateral symmetry; d) D. ananassae, altered symmetry; e) D. bipectinata, altered symmetry; f) D. malerkotliana, altered symmetry. Arrows indicate presence of extra teeth.

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Figure. Food preferences of Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) from an urban area. a, b, c, d. Mean relative consumption along six trials for each food set are shown in a, b, c, d, respectively. (see materials and methods for details on the calculation of relative consumption). in Natural animal food preference of Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) from an urban area: a laboratory study

Figure. Food preferences of Chinese mole shrew (Anourosorex squamipes) from an urban area. a, b, c, d. Mean relative consumption along six trials for each food set are shown in a, b, c, d, respectively. (see materials and methods for details on the calculation of relative consumption).

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Fig. 3. Aquarium for X. longipes, set within a in Breeding and rearing the Critically Endangered Lake Oku Clawed Frog (Xenopus longipes Loumont and Kobel 1991)

Fig. 3. Aquarium for X. longipes, set within a custom built, centrally filtered system (inset photograph) at ZSL London Zoo. Life support system and sump not shown – see text for details.

Fig. 6. Echinocystitid echinoid Rhenechinus hopstaetteri Dehm, 1953, BSPG.1955 I 585 in Morphology and ecological setting of the basal echinoid genus Rhenechinus from the early Devonian of Spain and Germany

Fig. 6. Echinocystitid echinoid Rhenechinus hopstaetteri Dehm, 1953, BSPG.1955 I 585 (holotype), Hunsrück Slate, Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian; Gemünden, Rhineland−Palatinate, Germany. A. General view. B. Detail of ambulacral plating. C. Detail of oral region. Abbreviations: ps, peristomial membrane; t, tooth; 1, 2a, b, 3a–c, first three rows of interambulacral plates.

Fig. 1 in Morphology and ecological setting of the basal echinoid genus Rhenechinus from the early Devonian of Spain and Germany

Fig. 1. Map showing the geographical position and geological setting of the Aguión Formation and the echinoid bearing horizon (arrowed symbol), modified from García−Alcalde (1992).

Fig. 7. Echinocystitid echinoid Rhenechinus hopstaetteri Dehm, 1953 in Morphology and ecological setting of the basal echinoid genus Rhenechinus from the early Devonian of Spain and Germany

Fig. 7. Echinocystitid echinoid Rhenechinus hopstaetteri Dehm, 1953, DBM.HS 285, Hunsrück Slate, Lower Emsian, Lower Devonian; EschenbachBocksberg mine, Bundenbach, Rhineland−Palatinate, Germany. A. General view. B. Detail of adoral plating showing pedicellariae and spines. C. Detail of adoral ambulacral plating. Abbreviations: amb, ambulacral zone; ap, apical disc region; p, pedicellaria; ps, pedicellarial stalk element; pst, peristome.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and ecological setting of the basal echinoid genus Rhenechinus from the early Devonian of Spain and Germany

Fig. 3. Echinocystitid echinoid Rhenechinus ibericus (Hauser and Landeta, 2007). Aguión Formation, Emsian, Lower Devonian, Arnao, Asturias, NW Spain. A. UO DGO−23001 showing adoral plating and elements of the lantern. B. UO DGO−23000 showing partially articulated plating of the upper surface. Abbreviations: H, hemipyramid; t, tooth; 1, 2a, b, 3a–c, first three rows of interambulacral plates.

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Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A in Recurrent constructional pattern of the crustacean burrow Sinusichnus sinuosus from the Paleogene and Neogene of Spain

Fig. 1. Geographic and geologic setting. A. Synthetic geological map of the Guadalquivir Basin and surrounding areas. The black star shows the location of the Alcalá de Guadaíra outcrop, and the white star that of the Dos Hermanas locality. B. Synthetic geological map of Catalonia (NE Spain). The white star shows the location of the Vilomara outcrop in the Ebro Basin, and the black star that of the Waikiki Beach locality in the El Camp de Tarragona Basin. Inset map in between, displays the position of both areas in the Iberian Peninsula.

Fig. 10 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 10. Examples of "folded" rather than crushed shells. A. Paskentana globosa sp. nov. (CAS 70394) from Knoxville (Lower Cretaceous; site 9). B. Paskentana paskentaensis (Stanton, 1895) (UCMP 154113) from Rice Valley (Hauterivian?; site 3). C. Atresius liratus (CAS 70405) from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7).

Fig. 9 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 9. Gastropods of uncertain affinities from Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A. Stanton's (1895) "Cerithium" sp. (USNM 23081) from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (Albian; site 1), image taken with light microscope (A1) and with SEM (specimen uncoated, A2). B. Fusiform gastropod (CAS 70403) from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7). C. High−spired gastropod (CAS 70404) from W Berryessa (probably Valanginian; site 11).

Fig. 8 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 8. Gastropods of uncertain taxonomic position, Atresius liratus Gabb, 1869 and Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni sp. nov., from Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A–F. Atresius liratus. A. Specimen (CAS 70395) with broad shoulder, from Rocky Creek (Valanginian; site 7). B. Specimen (CAS 70396) from Rocky Creek, note fine spiral sculpture on shoulder. C. Specimen (CAS 70397) with strong axial ribs, from Rocky Creek. D. Large specimen (CAS 70398) with rounded basal margin, from Rocky Creek. E. Specimen (USNM 23075a) illustrated by Stanton (1895: pl. 11: 6). F. Another specimen (USNM 23075b) from Stanton's lot with fewer but stronger spirals, and a more angular basal margin. G–L. Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni, from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (Albian; site 1). G. Specimen (CAS 70399) with thin apertural fold and preserved siphonal column. H. Specimen (CAS 70400) with excavated aperture. I. Specimen (UCMP 555102) showing fine spiral sculpture and sinuous growth lines. J. Specimen (CAS 70401) with well−developed apertural fold, note the indented shell on the left. K. Holotype (CAS 70402). L. Smooth specimen (UCMP 555103) with excavated aperture.

Fig. 7 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 7. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Paskentana spp. from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Paskentana berryessaensis sp. nov. A. Holotype (UCMP 555098), small specimen with nodular sculpture from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). B. Paratype (UCMP 555099), specimen with beaded spiral cords from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). C. Paratype (UCMP 555100) from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4), specimen with spiral sculpture and fine axial growth increments. D–F. Paskentana globosa sp. nov. D. Paratype (UCMP 555101) from Little Indian Valley (Valanginian?; site 6). E. Holotype (CAS 70394), large specimen from Knoxville (Early Cretaceous?, site 9). F. Rubber cast of a last whorl, from Knoxville.

Fig. 6 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 6. Abyssochrysoid gastropod Paskentana paskentaensis (Stanton, 1895) from Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous seep carbonates in California, USA. A. Small specimen (CAS 70392) with strong scaly sculpture from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4); apertural (A1) and lateral (A2) views. B. Specimen (CAS 70393) with broad shoulder from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4). C. Specimen (UCMP 555097) with broad shoulder and almost smooth spiral sculpture, from Little Indian Valley (Valanginian?; site 6). D. Juvenile specimen (UCMP 555104) from Bear Creek (Valanginian; site 4), close−up on first whorls (D1) and entire specimen (D2). E. Isolated partial larval shell (UCMP 555105) from Bear Creek (Valaginian; site 4) that most likely belongs to Paskentana paskentaensis. F. Specimen (UCMP 154113) without shoulder and fine scaly sculpture, from Rice Valley (Hauterivian?; site 3). G. Specimen (UCMP 13701) without shoulder, from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). H. "Turbo" wilburensis Stanton, 1895 (pl. 12: 15), lectotype (USNM 23068) from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). I. "Turbo" paskentaensis Stanton, 1895 (pl. 12: 6), lectotype (USNM 23067) from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 2). J, K. "Turbo?" humerosus Stanton, 1895 from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). J. Lectotype (USNM 23072). K. Paralectotype (specimen illustrated by Stanton 1895: pl. 12: 10).

Fig. 4 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 4. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous eucyclid Amberleya spp. from seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Amberleya dilleri Stanton, 1895, type specimens from Paskenta (site 2). A. Spire of juvenile specimen (USNM23074a). B. Spire of large specimen (USNM 23074b). C. Lectotype (USNM 23074c) showing the aperture. D. Amberleya cf. dilleri (UCMP 555090) from NW Berryessa (site 10). E–I. Amberleya morganensis (Stanton, 1895) from Rocky Creek (site 7). E. Lectotype (USNM 23071). F. Spire (CAS 70386) with two tuberculate spiral cords. G. View on flank and basal margin (CAS 70387). H. Spire (CAS 70388) with lower tuberculate spiral largely concealed by succeeding whorl. I. Specimen (CAS 70389) with narrow apical angle. F–I, rubber casts.

Fig. 3 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 3. Hand sample and petrographic thin section (plane polarized light) occurrences of selected Mesozoic seep gastropod fossils, California, USA. A. Fossil coquina of Paskentana paskentensis from Bear Creek (site 4) carbonate pod. B. Thin section photomicrograph of Bathypurpurinopsis stantoni in clotted micrite with pore−filling fibrous cement, from Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek (site 1). C. Longitudinal section through Paskentana paskentensis encased in early diagenetic (seafloor) anhedral yellow calcite cement (dark; cf. Campbell et al. 2002), with pores filled by lighter−colored fibrous cement, from Paskenta (site 2). D. Small individual of Paskentana paskentensis preserved in clotted micrite within serpulid worm tube; Bear Creek site (site 4).

Fig. 1 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 1. Mesozoic (solid circles) and Cenozoic (open circles) seep carbonate occurrences, California, showing their broad geologic setting and overall geographic extent over ~130 m.y. and>600 km along the continental margin. Numbered sites indicate the 16 fossil gastropod−bearing deposits of this study. Relevant geologic features of the north−south trending, Mesozoic– Paleogene convergent margin include: belts of mélange, broken formation and ophiolites (Franciscan Accretionary Complex and Coast Range Ophiolite, CRO); siliciclastic forearc turbidites (Great Valley Group); and present−day root of the volcanic arc (Sierra Nevada Batholith). Geology simplified from the 1:2,500,000 Geologic Map of California (1966, U.S. Geological Survey and California Division of Mines and Geology). Appendix 1 lists locality data, ages and fossil lists for each of the 16 sites. 1, Cold Fork of Cottonwood Creek; 2, Paskenta; 3, Rice Valley; 4, Bear Creek; 5, Wilbur Springs; 6, Little Indian Valley; 7, Rocky Creek; 8, Foley Canyon; 9, Knoxville; 10, NW Berryessa; 11, W Berryessa; 12, E Berryessa; 13, Romero Creek; 14, Moreno Gulch; 15, Gravelly Flat; 16, Charlie Valley.

Fig. 2 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic distribution of the 16 fossil−bearing, seep carbonate deposits of this study (Fig. 1), correlated with petrofacies (Ingersoll, 1983, for Sacramento Valley), and a Buchia bivalve biostratigraphy (Tithonian through Valanginian stages; Jones et al., 1969, as modified by Bralower, 1990). Geologic time divisions (Gradstein et al. 2004) for each stage are shown to the nearest 1 m.y. Ages of these seep carbonate deposits are relatively poorly known, with most sites resolved to stage level only. A few others are even more poorly known, e.g., probable Early Cretaceous age, and one is more finely resolved to sub−stage level (i.e., Late Campanian). Tithonian and Valanginian sites comprise the majority of the gastropod−rich deposits, with relative ages constrained by a six species Buchia zonation. Hauterivian sites contain the seep−restricted brachiopod, Peregrinella whitneyi (see Campbell and Bottjer, 1995, for discussion of caveats with respect to using this genus to establish relative ages). Albian and younger Cretaceous sites are dated based on ammonite occurrences. See Appendix for complete fossil lists. Most deposits occur within forearc mudstone of the Great Valley Group, except for two sites (3, 5) associated with serpentinite (diapir) deposits. A further two (6, 16) are enclosed in accretionary prism rocks of the Franciscan Complex, and one (3) is in a Great Valley outlier within Franciscan rocks. Similar seep fossil assemblages and associated buchiids allow relative age correlations for these Franciscan−related deposits.

Fig. 5 in Jurassic and Cretaceous gastropods from hydrocarbon seeps in forearc basin and accretionary prism settings, California

Fig. 5. Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous abyssochrysoids Hokkaidoconcha spp. and Abyssochrysos? giganteum sp. nov. from seep carbonates in California, USA. A–C. Hokkaidoconcha occidentalis (Stanton, 1895). A. Lectotype (USNM 23077) from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 2). B. Specimen (CAS 70391) with well−developed spiral sculpture from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). C. Specimen (UCMP 555091) with poorly developed spiral sculpture from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). D, E. Hokkaidoconcha tehamaensis sp. nov. from Paskenta (Tithonian; site 10). D. Holotype (UCMP 555092); apertural (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Paratype (CAS 70390), note fading axial ribs on flank. F, G. Hokkaidoconcha morenoensis sp. nov. from Moreno Gulch (Santonian; site 14) F. Holotype (LACMIP 13483) with well−developed axial ribs and spiral sculpture on base. G. Paratype (LACMIP 13484) with fading axial ribs on later whorls. H. Hokkaidoconcha bilirata sp. nov., holotype (UCMP 555093) from Wilbur Springs (Hauterivian; site 5). I. Hokkaidoconcha sp. (UCMP 555094) from NW Berryessa (Tithonian; site 10). J, K. Abyssochrysos? giganteum sp. nov. from E Berryessa (Lower Cretaceous; site 12). J. Holotype (UCMP 555095). K. Paratype (UCMP 555096).