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Figs. 70–84. Macrostemum dione. 70 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 70–84. Macrostemum dione. 70, right forewing; Male genitalia: 71, lateral; 72, segment X dorsal; 73, phallus lateral; 74, phallus tip. Macrostemum distinguendum. 75, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 76, lateral; 77, segment X dorsal; 78, phallus lateral; 79, phallus tip. Macrostemum dohrni. 80, right forewing; Male genitalia: 81, lateral; 82, segment X dorsal; 83, phallus lateral; 84, phallus tip. Scale: 70, 75, 80 = 2 mm; 71–74, 76–79, 81–84 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 85–94. Macrostemum eleanora. 85 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 85–94. Macrostemum eleanora. 85, right forewing; Male genitalia: 86, lateral; 87, segment X dorsal; 88, phallus lateral; 89, phallus tip. Macrostemum fastosum. 90, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 91, lateral; 92, segment X dorsal; 93, phallus lateral; 94, phallus tip. Scale: 85, 90 = 2 mm; 86–89, 91–94 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 17–36. Amphipsyche gratiosa. 17 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 17–36. Amphipsyche gratiosa. 17, right forewing; Male genitalia: 18, lateral; 19, segment X dorsal; 20, phallus lateral; 21, phallus tip. Amphipsyche magna. Male genitalia: 22, lateral; 24, phallus lateral; 25, phallus tip; 23, thorax. Amphipsyche meridiana. 26, right forewing; Male genitalia: 27, lateral; 28, segment X dorsal; 29, phallus lateral; 30, phallus tip. Amphipsyche parva. Male genitalia: 31, lateral; 32, phallus lateral; 33, phallus tip. Amphipsyche petiolata. 34, lateral; 35, phallus lateral; 36, phallus tip. Scale: 17, 26 = 2 mm, 18–25, 27–36 = 0.25 mm (22–25, 27–36 redrawn from Barnard, 1984).

Figs. 59–69. Macrostemum caliptera. 59, right forewing. Macrostemum centrotum. 60 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 59–69. Macrostemum caliptera. 59, right forewing. Macrostemum centrotum. 60, right forewing; Male genitalia: 61, lateral; 62, segment X dorsal; 63, phallus lateral; 64, phallus tip. Macrostemum dairiana. 65, right forewing; Male genitalia: 66, lateral; 67, segment X dorsal; 68, phallus lateral; 69, phallus tip. Scale: 59, 60, 65 = 2 mm; 61–64, 66–69 = 0.02 mm (59 redrawn from Banks, 1931c).

Figs. 8–16. Amphipsyche bifasciata. 8 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 8–16. Amphipsyche bifasciata. 8, right forewing; Male genitalia: 9, lateral; 10, phallus lateral; 11, phallus tip. Amphipsyche exsiliens. 12, right fore- and hind wing; Male genitalia: 13, lateral; 14, segment X dorsal; 15, phallus lateral; 16, phallus tip. Scale: 8, 12 = 2 mm; 9–11, 13–16 = 0.25 mm (8–16 redrawn from Barnard, 1984).

Figs. 37–41. Macrostemum albardanum. 37 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 37–41. Macrostemum albardanum. 37, right forewing; Male genitalia: 38, lateral; 39, segment X dorsal; 40, phallus lateral; 41, phallus tip. Scale: 37 = 2 mm; 38–41 = 0.02 mm.

Figs. 1–7. Aethaloptera sexpunctata. 1 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 1–7. Aethaloptera sexpunctata. 1, forewing; 2, hind wing; Male genitalia: 3, lateral; 4, segment X dorsal; 5, phallus lateral; 6, phallus tip; 7, Head dorsal. Scale bars: 1–2 = 2 mm, 3–6 = 0.25 mm, 7 = 1 mm.

Figs. 42–58. Macrostemum bacham. 42 in Review of the filter-feeding caddisfly subfamily Macronematinae (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in tropical Southeast Asia

Figs. 42–58. Macrostemum bacham. 42, right forewing; Male genitalia: 43, lateral; 44, segment X dorsal; 45, phallus lateral; 46, phallus tip. Macrostemum bellerophon. 47, right forewing; Male genitalia: 48, lateral; 49, segment X dorsal; 50, phallus lateral; 51, phallus tip. Macrostemum bellum. 52, right forewing. Macrostemum bifenestratum. 53, right forewing. Macrostemum boettcheri. 54, right forewing; Male genitalia: 55, lateral; 56, segment X dorsal; 57, phallus lateral; 58, phallus tip. Scale: 42, 47, 52–53 = 2 mm; 43–46, 48–51, 55–58 = 0.02 mm (43–46 redrawn from Malicky, 2010; 52 redrawn from Banks, 1916; 56 redrawn from Navás, 1929).

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Fig. 1 in Secondary removal of seeds dispersed by gibbons (Hylobates lar) in a tropical dry forest in Thailand

Fig. 1. Distribution of experimental sites where seeds were dispersed by 4 groups of white-handed gibbons (Hylobates lar). Home range maps of the gibbons are based on Light (2016) and Phiphatsuwannachai et al. (2018), plus newly-discovered areas (extended home ranges) by the author. Fruiting trees and gibbon defecation locations were recorded in a GPS. Each site when active contained a camera trap and a paired control/treatment.

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Fig 2 in Secondary removal of seeds dispersed by gibbons (Hylobates lar) in a tropical dry forest in Thailand

Fig 2. Estimates of beta-coefficients from binomial regressions with parameter estimates derived from model averaging with 95% confidence intervals. A variable is considered significant if the confidence interval does not overlap zero.

Fig. 6 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 6. Variation in Equitability (J) and Berger-Parker dominance (DBP) of Diptera (A) and Auchenorrhyncha (B) during 12 months of sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Values of J (bars) and DBP (lines) were computed in PAST and 95% confidence intervals obtained by bootstrapping using 9999 random samples. In Kruskal-Wallis H-tests there was a significant difference between the medians for Berger-Parker dominance in Diptera (H = 26.7, p <0.01) and Auchenorrhyncha (H = 14.9, p <0.01). Equitability was significantly different for Diptera (H = 36.5, p <0.01) but not for Auchenorrhyncha (H = 10.7, p = 0.0582).

Fig. 10 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 10. Variation in Mean Monthly Turnover (βwM) of Diptera (A) and Auchenorrhyncha (B) during 12 months of sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. The mean value of βwM in each elevation zone ± standard error is indicated. Note that the vertical axis does not extend to zero. In Kruskal-Wallis H-tests there was a significant difference between the medians for Diptera (H = 29.0, p <0.01) and Auchenorrhyncha (H = 22.1, p <0.01).

Fig. 2 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 2. Observed species richness (Sobs) of Diptera and Auchenorrhyncha trapped in six elevation zones over 12 months sampling at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Diptera, open circles; Auchenorrhyncha, closed circles.). In Kruskal-Wallis H-tests there was a significant difference between the medians for Diptera (H = 22.1, p <0.01) and Auchenorrhyncha (H = 14.3, p <0.05).

Fig. 1. Relative abundance, A in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 1. Relative abundance, A* (number of individuals caught. trap-1. month-1) of Diptera and Auchenorrhyncha trapped in six elevation zones over 12 months sampling at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Standard errors indicated. Note log10 scale. Data were fitted to a linear regression model in PAST; Diptera, open circles (r2 = 0.8567, p = 0.0081); Auchenorrhyncha, closed circles (r2 = 0.3182, p = 0.2434). In Kruskal-Wallis H-tests of untransformed data there was a significant difference between the medians for Diptera (H = 29.3, p <0.01) but not for Auchenorrhyncha (H = 3.3, p = 0.657).

Fig. 8 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 8. Variation in species turnover measured as βw of Diptera (a) and Auchenorrhyncha (b) during 12 months of sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Pairwise calculations of βw between each quadrat of a grid of elevation and month with the quadrat with maximum species richness (April/1,500–2,000 m quadrat for Diptera and June/500–1,000 m quadrat for Auchenorrhyncha) were mapped using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in the gridding module of PAST. Values of βw (indicated by colour scale bar) vary between 0 (complete identity) and 1.0 (complete non-identity). Data are not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1,000 m.

Fig. 3. Relative abundance, A in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 3. Relative abundance, A* (number of individuals caught. trap-1. month-1) of Diptera and Auchenorrhyncha over 12 months sampling at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Standard errors indicated. Note log10 scale. In Kruskal-Wallis H-tests of untransformed data there was a significant difference between the medians for Diptera (H = 24.5, p <0.05) and Auchenorrhyncha (H = 34.3, p <0.01).

Fig. 9 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 9. Spatiotemporal variation in species turnover measured as Mean Local Turnover βwL of Diptera (A) and Auchenorrhyncha (B) trapped during 12 months of sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Data were plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) and mapped using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in the gridding module of PAST. Values of βwL (indicated by colour scale bar) vary between 0 (complete identity) and 1.0 (complete non-identity). Data are not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1,000 m.

Fig. 7 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 7. Monthly variation in Equitability (J) of Diptera assemblages during 12 months of sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. Only points linking data from elevation zones 2,000–2,500 m and>2,500 m are connected by lines. Equitability declines profoundly at higher elevations between September and November indicating a decline in evenness of Diptera assemblages with corresponding prevalence of a number of relatively abundant species compared with other times of year and other elevations.

Fig. 5 in Spatiotemporal dynamics of insect diversity in tropical seasonal forests is linked to season and elevation, a case from northern Thailand

Fig. 5. Spatiotemporal variation in abundance and species richness of Diptera and Auchenorrhyncha trapped over 12 months sampling over six 500 m elevation zones at Doi Inthanon in 2014. The left panel shows Relative Abundance, A* (number of individuals caught. trap-1. month-1) as log (1+A*) for Diptera (A) and Auchenorryncha (C). The right panel shows observed species richness, S, for Diptera (B) 10 obs and Auchenorryncha (D). Data were plotted on a grid of elevation zone (vertical axis) and months (horizontal axis) and mapped using the multiquadric gridding algorithm in the gridding module of PAST. Values of log10(1+A*) and Sobs are indicated by the colour scale bars. Data are not available for January and February at <500 m and 500–1,000 m.