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intraspecific the to correspond. outgroups bold: grey in in Values; retzii. ) pb Microphis 605 ( : alignment red in; . I nov . subunit sp oxydase arrakisae c Microphis cytochrome: blue the in; on torrentius based) Microphis p-distances: green uncorrected in; (nicoleae matrix distance Microphis : Pairwise yellow In. . 2 divergence TABLE in A new freshwater pipefish species (Syngnathidae: Microphis) from the Sunda shelf islands, Indonesia
intraspecific the to correspond. outgroups bold: grey in in Values; retzii. ) pb Microphis 605 ( : alignment red in; . I nov . subunit sp oxydase arrakisae c Microphis cytochrome: blue the in; on torrentius based) Microphis p-distances: green uncorrected in; (nicoleae matrix distance Microphis : Pairwise yellow In. . 2 divergence TABLE
Predator defense is shaped by risk, brood value and social group benefits in a cooperative breeder
<p><span>Predation is a major cause of mortality and nest failure in birds. Cooperative predator defense can enhance nest success and adult survival, but since it is inherently risky, dynamic risk assessment theory predicts that individuals modify defense behavior according to risk posed by the predator. Parental investment theory on the other hand predicts that reproductive payoffs (brood value) determine investment in nest defense. We propose that in cooperative breeders, fitness benefits deriving from survival of other group members may additionally influence defense behavior (social group benefits theory). We tested predictions of these theories in the cooperatively breeding purple-crowned fairy-wren, <i>Malurus coronatus</i>, where brood value is higher for breeders, but social group benefits more important for helpers. We recorded experimentally-induced individual defense behaviors in response to predator models presented near nests, representing differing levels of threat to nests and adults. As predicted, (i) individuals engaged in less risky defenses when encountering a more dangerous predator (dynamic risk assessment theory); (ii) individuals defended older broods more often, and breeders defended more than helpers (parental investment theory); and (iii) helpers were more likely to respond to a predator of adults (social group benefits theory). Our findings highlight that predator defense in cooperative breeders is complex, shaped by the combination of immediate risk and multiple benefits.</span></p>
Data from: Phylogenetic comparative methods for evaluating the evolutionary history of function-valued traits
Phylogenetic comparative methods offer a suite of tools for studying trait evolution. However, most models inherently assume fixed trait values within species. Although some methods can incorporate error around species means, few are capable of accounting for variation driven by environmental or temporal gradients, such as trait responses to abiotic stress or ontogenetic trajectories. Such traits, often referred to as function-valued or infinite-dimensional, are typically expressed as reaction norms, dose–response curves, or time plots and are described by mathematical functions linking independent predictor variables to the trait of interest. Here, I introduce a method for extending ancestral state reconstruction to incorporate function-valued traits in a phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) framework, as well as extensions of this method for testing phylogenetic signal, performing phylogenetic analysis of variance (ANOVA), and testing for correlated trait evolution using recently proposed multivariate PGLS methods. Statistical power of function-valued comparative methods is compared to univariate approaches using data simulations, and the assumptions and challenges of each are discussed in detail.
Data from: Benefits and costs of ecological restoration: rapid assessment of changing ecosystem service values at a UK wetland
Restoration of degraded land is recognized by the international community as an important way of enhancing both biodiversity and ecosystem services, but more information is needed about its costs and benefits. In Cambridgeshire, U.K., a long-term initiative to convert drained, intensively farmed arable land to a wetland habitat mosaic is driven by a desire both to prevent biodiversity loss from the nationally important Wicken Fen National Nature Reserve (Wicken Fen NNR) and to increase the provision of ecosystem services. We evaluated the changes in ecosystem service delivery resulting from this land conversion, using a new Toolkit for Ecosystem Service Site-based Assessment (TESSA) to estimate biophysical and monetary values of ecosystem services provided by the restored wetland mosaic compared with the former arable land. Overall results suggest that restoration is associated with a net gain to society as a whole of $199 ha−1y−1, for a one-off investment in restoration of $2320 ha−1. Restoration has led to an estimated loss of arable production of $2040 ha−1y−1, but estimated gains of $671 ha−1y−1 in nature-based recreation, $120 ha−1y−1 from grazing, $48 ha−1y−1 from flood protection, and a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worth an estimated $72 ha−1y−1. Management costs have also declined by an estimated $1325 ha−1y−1. Despite uncertainties associated with all measured values and the conservative assumptions used, we conclude that there was a substantial gain to society as a whole from this land-use conversion. The beneficiaries also changed from local arable farmers under arable production to graziers, countryside users from towns and villages, and the global community, under restoration. We emphasize that the values reported here are not necessarily transferable to other sites.
FIGURE 1. The maximum likelihood majority rule consensus tree for the analyzed Pseudorobillarda and related taxa. RAxML bootstrap support values above 50 in Morphology and phylogeny of Pseudorobillarda eucalypti sp. nov., from Thailand
FIGURE 1. The maximum likelihood majority rule consensus tree for the analyzed Pseudorobillarda and related taxa. RAxML bootstrap support values above 50% (ML) are given at the nodes. Phylogeny tree is rooted to Schismatomma decolorans.
FIGURE 1. Percentage Potentially Informative Character values for all 11 chloroplast regions. For the regions rps16 in A new genus and a major temperate bamboo lineage of the Arundinarieae (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) from Sri Lanka based on a multi-locus plastid phylogeny
FIGURE 1. Percentage Potentially Informative Character values for all 11 chloroplast regions. For the regions rps16–trnQ, trnC– rpoB, trnD–trnT, trnT–trnL and ndhF 3' the PIC values include the outgroups. For the regions psbD-trnT, psbJ-petA and ycf6- psbM the PIC values include only the ingroup species.
Figure 3. Mean FCR values for Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S in Abundance, vertical distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the upper 50 m layer of the eastern Aegean Sea
Figure 3. Mean FCR values for Sagitta enflata, S. serratodentata, S. minima and S. setosa in each depth interval (0–10, 10–20, 20–30, 30–40 and 40–50 m).
High diversity of mites (Acari: Oribatida, Mesostig-mata) supports the high conservation value of a broadleaf forest in Eastern Norway
<p>Broadleaf forests are critical habitats for biodiversity and this biodiversity is in turn essential for their proper functioning. Mites (Acari) are a numerous and functionally essential component of these forests. We report the diversity of two important groups, Oribatida and Mesostigmata, in a broadleaf forest in Eastern Norway which is considered to be a biodiversity hotspot. Eighteen samples, each 500 cm<sup>3</sup>, were collected from diverse microhabitats (moss on ground, lichens on tree twigs lying on ground, moss on tree trunk at ground level and 1.5 m above ground, moss on decaying wood, log and stump, and decaying wood) from which 10,843 specimens and 95 species from 32 families of Oribatida, and 655 specimens of 34 species from 14 families of Mesostigmata were found. Only 30% of the species were previously recorded in broadleaf forests in Western Norway. Oribatid communities on tree stumps and in lichens were distinct from the other communities, while mesostigmatid communities on tree trunks (both at ground level and above ground) and in lichens differed most from other communities. Over 30% of the species were found in only a single microhabitat. Twenty-three species and the genus <i>Zerconopsis</i> are reported from Norway for the first time. Six records are also new to Fennoscandia, including (Oribatida) <i>Quadroppia monstruosa</i>,<i> Eueremaeus valkanovi</i>,<i> Ramusella furcata</i>,<i> </i>and (Mesostigmata)<i> D</i><i>endrolaelaps rectus</i>,<i> D</i>.<i> multidentatus</i>,<i> </i>and<i> D</i>.<i> tenuipilus</i>. In addition, several rare species were detected, e.g., <i>Achipteria magna</i>, <i>Oribotritia berlesei</i>,<i> </i>and <i>Subiasella quadrimaculata</i>, and two were found in their northernmost locality (<i>O</i>.<i> berlesei</i>,<i> E</i>.<i> valkanovi</i>). These results confirm the unique character and high conservation value of the studied forest in Norway, Fennoscandia and at a European scale.</p>
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 in High level of phenotypic homoplasy amongst eutardigrades (Tardigrada) based on morphological and total evidence phylogenetic analyses
Figure 5. Agreement subtree cladogram obtained with the Ratchet algorithm for parsimonious analyses using the complete morphological matrix without gamete-related characters. Values above branches are bootstrap supports after 1000 replicates; values under branches are Bremer relative supports.
FIGURES 60–63 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 60–63. Hemispermatophore in ectal aspect and detail of the capsular region in ventral aspect (left for Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008, inverted; right for others). 60. Ananteris arcadioi Botero-Trujillo, 2008 (ICN-As-774). 61. Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991 (ICN-As-446). 62. Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008 (ICN-As-816). 63. Ananteris ehrlichi Lourenço, 1994 (IAvH-E 100815). Scale bars = 0.5 mm (0.25 mm for A. dorae). Abbreviations: il = internal lobe, el = external lobe, ml = median lobe, bl = basal lobe.
FIGURES 32–35 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 32–35. Anterior margin of carapace and chelicerae. 32. Ananteris arcadioi Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult female (MPUJ-SCO-383). 33. Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991, adult female (IAvH-E 100779). 34. Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult male (MPUJ-SCO-385). 35. Ananteris ehrlichi Lourenço, 1994, adult male (IAvH-E 100814).
FIGURES 48–51 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 48–51. Right pedipalp chela, distribution of external and dorsal trichobothria. 48. Ananteris arcadioi Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult female (MPUJ-SCO-383). 49. Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991, adult female (IAvH-E 100778). 50. Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult male (ICN-As-816). 51. Ananteris ehrlichi Lourenço, 1994, adult male (IAvH-E 100814). Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 40–47 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 40–47. Right pedipalp hand, distribution of ventral trichobothria. 40. Ananteris arcadioi Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult female (MPUJ-SCO-383). 41. Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991, adult female (IAvH-E 100778). 42. Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008, adult male (ICN-As-816). 43. Ananteris ehrlichi Lourenço, 1994, adult male (IAvH-E 100814). 44. Ananteris meridana González-Sponga, 2006, adult female (ICN-As-321). 45. Ananteris myriamae Botero-Trujillo, 2007, adult male (MPUJ-SCO-382). 46. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO-388). 47. Ananteris solimariae sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO-390). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 36–39 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 36–39. Anterior margin of carapace and chelicerae. 36. Ananteris meridana González-Sponga, 2006, adult female (ICN-As-321). 37. Ananteris myriamae Botero-Trujillo, 2007, adult male (ICN-As-385). 38. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO-388). 39. Ananteris solimariae sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO-390).
FIGURES 28–31 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 28–31. Ananteris solimariae sp. nov. 28–29. Holotype male, dorsal and ventral aspects (MPUJ-SCO-390). 30–31. Allotype female, dorsal and ventral aspects (MPUJ-SCO-400). Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURES 6–9 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 6–9. Ananteris columbiana Lourenço, 1991. 6–7. Adult male, dorsal and ventral aspects (ICN-As-778). 8–9. Adult female, dorsal and ventral aspects (IAvH-E 100778). Scale bars = 5 mm.
FIGURES 64–67 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 64–67. Hemispermatophore in ectal aspect and detail of the capsular region in ventral aspect (left for Ananteris solimariae sp. nov., inverted; right for others). 64. Ananteris meridana González-Sponga, 2006 (ICN-As-435). 65. Ananteris myriamae Botero-Trujillo, 2007 (MPUJ-SCO-382). 66. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov., paratype (ICN-As-815). 67. Ananteris solimariae sp. nov., paratype (ICN-As-779). Scale bars = 0.5 mm.
FIGURES 56–57 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 56–57. Two views of the collection locality of Ananteris ochoai sp. nov. and Ananteris dorae Botero-Trujillo, 2008 in Río Ñambi Natural Reserve, Nariño Department. Photographs by José A. Ochoa.
FIGURES 52–55 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 52–55. Right pedipalp chela, distribution of external and dorsal trichobothria. 52. Ananteris meridana González- Sponga, 2006, adult female (ICN-As-321). 53. Ananteris myriamae Botero-Trujillo, 2007, adult male (MPUJ-SCO-382). 54. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO-388). 55. Ananteris solimariae sp. nov., holotype male (MPUJ-SCO- 390). Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURES 24–27 in A revisionary approach of Colombian Ananteris (Scorpiones, Buthidae): two new species, a new synonymy, and notes on the value of trichobothria and hemispermatophore for the taxonomy of the group
FIGURES 24–27. Ananteris ochoai sp. nov. 24–25. Holotype male, dorsal and ventral aspects (MPUJ-SCO-388). 26–27. Allotype female, dorsal and ventral aspects (MPUJ-SCO-389). Scale bars = 1 cm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.