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12,871 results for “aging;”
Data from: Age and infection history are revealed by different ornaments in a warbler
Female preference for older or more disease-resistant males are both possible outcomes of parasite-mediated sexual selection, but the extent to which infection alters the development of ornaments to yield signals of male age and health has rarely been explored. In a longitudinal study of 61 male common yellowthroats (Geothlypis trichas), age-related increases in the size of the melanin-based mask and carotenoid-based bib were not correlated among young males, likely owing to differences in how blood parasites affect ornament development. Infection with trypanosomes and hemosporidians in a male's first breeding season was associated with slower growth of the mask; uninfected males attained large masks in their second breeding season, while infected males attained large masks in their third breeding season. In contrast, the bib size of males increased every year regardless of infection. As a consequence, different populations of males are identified by the largest ornaments – older males in the case of bib and a combination of older males and young, uninfected males in the case of mask. Although mask is thus the more informative trait with respect to male health, females prefer large bibs in our population. If infection is opportunistic, young, uninfected males may not possess good genes for parasite resistance but simply good luck, and it may benefit females to prefer older males who are more likely to have withstood prior episodes of selection. A "pure" signal of age may be a more reliable signal of resistance to parasites than an ornament whose expression is modulated by infection.
Data from: Queen succession conflict in the paper wasp Polistes dominula is mitigated by age-based convention
Reproduction in cooperative animal groups is often dominated by one or a few individuals, with the remaining group members relegated to non-reproductive helping roles. This reproductive skew can evolve if helpers receive fitness benefits such as potential future inheritance of the breeding position, but the mechanisms by which inheritance is determined are not well resolved. <i>Polistes</i> paper wasps form highly reproductively skewed groups and inheritance of the breeding position is likely to play a key role in the maintenance of this social structure, making them excellent models for the processes by which simple societies are maintained. Reproductive succession is thought to be determined via an age-based convention in some <i>Polistes</i> species, but there is also evidence for contest-based succession systems in which the replacement queen uses physical aggression to overpower and thereby subordinate her nestmates. Here we provide evidence that queen succession in colonies of the European paper wasp <i>Polistes dominula</i> is determined via convention rather than contest, with little disruption to the colony's social functioning. We use queen removal experiments and fine-scale behavioral analyses to confirm that age is a strong predictor of succession, and that behavioral responses to queen removal are restricted to the oldest individuals rather than being experienced equally across the group. We provide the most comprehensive and detailed experimental analysis on the dynamics of breeder succession in a cooperatively breeding invertebrate to date, thereby shedding light on the mechanisms by which animal societies are able to maintain cohesion in the face of within-group conflict.
Data from: Offspring telomere length in the long lived Alpine swift is negatively related to the age of their biological father and foster mother
A growing body of studies is showing that offspring telomere length (TL) can be influenced by the age of their parents. Such a relationship might be explained by variation in TL at conception (gamete effect) and/or by alteration of early growth conditions in species providing parental care. In a long-lived bird with bi-parental care, the Alpine swift (Apus melba), we exchanged an uneven number of 2 to 4-day-old nestlings between pairs as part of a brood size manipulation. Nestling TL was measured at 50 days after hatching, which allowed investigation of the influence of the age of both their biological and foster parents on offspring TL, after controlling for the manipulation. Nestling TL was negatively related to the age of their biological father and foster mother. Nestling TL did not differ between enlarged and reduced broods. These findings suggest that offspring from older males were fertilized by gametes with shorter telomeres, presumably due to a greater cell division history or a longer accumulation of damage, and that older females may have provided poorer parental care to their offspring.
Data from: Age-related variation in non-breeding foraging behaviour and carry-over effects on fitness in an extremely long-lived bird
1. Senescence has been widely documented in wild vertebrate populations, yet the proximate drivers of age-related declines in breeding success, including allocation trade-offs and links with foraging performance, are poorly understood. For long-lived, migratory species, the non-breeding period represents a critical time for investment in self-maintenance and restoration of body condition, which in many species is linked to fitness. However, the relationships between age, non-breeding foraging behaviour and fitness remain largely unexplored. 2. We performed a cross-sectional study, investigating age-related variation in the foraging activity, distribution and diet of an extremely long-lived seabird, the wandering albatross Diomedea exulans during the non-breeding period, and its links with subsequent reproductive performance. 3. We tracked the distributions of 82 adults aged 8 – 33 years with geolocator-immersion loggers and found an age-related decline in the number of landings (a proxy of foraging effort) during daylight hours. There was a decrease in body feather δ13C values in older males but not females, yet this did not accompany an age-related shift in distributions. Males conducted fewer landings than females, and the sexes were spatially segregated, with males foraging further south, likely due to their differential utilization of winds. 4. While younger (< 20 years) birds had higher foraging activity, all individuals went on to breed successfully the following season. In contrast, among older (20+ years) birds, individuals that landed more often were more likely to defer breeding or fail during incubation, suggesting they have lower foraging success. 5. As far as we are aware, this is the first demonstration of an age-specific carry-over effect of foraging behaviour in the non-breeding period on subsequent reproductive performance. This link between foraging behaviour and fitness in late but not early adulthood indicates that the ability of individuals to forage efficiently outside the breeding period may be an important driver of fitness differences in old age.
Data from: Pure-tone thresholds in adults aged 18 to 97 years and hearing aid use
<p>On an international level, estimates of the prevalence of hearing loss are often based on the criterion of the world health organization (WHO), but other criteria have also been applied. Both the prevalence of hearing loss and the number of hearing-aid fittings can be used to estimate the adoption rate, which is often regarded as being in need of improvement. To illustrate the effect of the prevalence criteria on the assessments, epidemiological data for hearing abilities in Oldenburg, Emden, and Aalen were used. The criteria were either based on the pure-tone audiogram, on speech recognition in noise, or on the subjective indication of hearing difficulties. The results showed a strong dependency of the adoption rate on the prevalence criterion. Criteria based on speech recognition in noise led to very high prevalence, but low adoption rates. Age-independent analysis resulted in similar adoption rates of approx. 25% for subjective hearing difficulties, for the common WHO criterion, and for the four-frequency-table of Röser. However, age-dependent analysis revealed large differences between the subjective indication and the criteria based on pure-tone audiometry. Overall, statements regarding the prevalence of hearing impairment and rate of hearing-aid adoption should always include the applicable criterion, and should either be viewed as age-dependent, or related to a standard population.</p>
Data from: Age‐dependent leaf physiology and consequences for crown‐scale carbon uptake during the dry season in an Amazon evergreen forest
* Satellite and tower-based metrics of forest-scale photosynthesis generally increase with dry season progression across central Amazônia, but the underlying mechanisms lack consensus. * We conducted demographic surveys of leaf age composition, and measured age-dependence of leaf physiology in broadleaf canopy trees of abundant species at a central eastern Amazon site. Using a novel leaf-to-branch scaling approach, we used this data to independently test the much-debated hypothesis—arising from satellite and tower-based observations—that leaf phenology could explain the forest-scale pattern of dry season photosynthesis. * Stomatal conductance and biochemical parameters of photosynthesis were higher for recently mature leaves than for old leaves. Most branches had multiple leaf age categories simultaneously present, and the number of recently mature leaves increased as the dry season progressed because old leaves were exchanged for new leaves. * These findings provide the first direct field evidence that branch-scale photosynthetic capacity increases during the dry season, with a magnitude consistent with increases in ecosystem-scale photosynthetic capacity derived from flux towers. Interaction between leaf age-dependent physiology and shifting leaf age-demographic composition are sufficient to explain the dry season photosynthetic capacity pattern at this site, and should be considered in vegetation models of tropical evergreen forests.
Data from: A Cretaceous aged Paleotropical dispersal established an endemic lineage of Caribbean praying mantises
Recent phylogenetic advances have uncovered remarkable biogeographic histories that have challenged traditional concepts of dispersal, vicariance and diversification in the Greater Antilles. Much of this focus has centred on vertebrate lineages despite the high diversity and endemism of terrestrial arthropods, which account for 2.5 times the generic endemism of all Antillean plants and non-marine vertebrates combined. In this study, we focus on three Antillean endemic praying mantis genera, Callimantis, Epaphrodita and Gonatista, to determine their phylogenetic placement and geographical origins. Each genus is enigmatic in their relation to other praying mantises due to their morphological affinities with both Neotropical and Old World groups. We recovered the three genera as a monophyletic lineage among Old World groups, which was supported by molecular and morphological evidence. With a divergence at approximately 107 Ma, the lineage originated during the break-up of Gondwana. Ancestral range reconstruction indicates the lineage dispersed from an African + Indomalayan range to the Greater Antilles, with a subsequent extinction in the Old World. The profound ecomorphic convergence with non-Caribbean groups obscured recognition of natural relationships within the same geographical distribution. To the best of our knowledge, the lineage is one of the oldest endemic animal groups in the Greater Antilles and their morphological diversity and restricted distribution mark them as a critical taxon to conserve.
Data from: Age-appropriate vaccination coverage and its associated factors for pentavalent 1-3 and measles vaccine doses, in northeast Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study
Background: In Ethiopia, there are no studies on age-appropriate vaccinations that children received at the recommended specific ages. Therefore, we assessed age appropriate vaccination coverage and its associated factors among children 12 to 23 months of age in Menz Lalo district, northeast Ethiopia. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Menz Lalo district from March to April, 2018 among 417 mothers/caregivers with children 12 to 23 months of age using simple random sampling technique. Data were collected using pretested structured Amharic questionnaire. Age appropriate vaccination coverage was measured using World Health Organization vaccination schedule recommendation. Information about children vaccination status was collected from children vaccination cards. Data was entered into Epi-Info7 software and exported to SPSS-20 for analysis. Logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with age inappropriate vaccinations. A p-value of < 0.05 was considered to sate statistically significant association. Results: Age appropriate vaccination coverage were 39.1% (95% CI: 34.1-43.6) for Pentavalent 1, 36.3% (95% CI: 30.5-40) for Pentavalent 2, 30.3% (95% CI: 23.5-32.4) for Pentavalent 3 and 26.4% (95% CI: 18-29.4) for measles vaccine doses. Age inappropriate Pentavalent 1-3 vaccinations was associated with being male child (AOR: 0.47, 95% CI: 0.29-0.74), absence of telephone (AOR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.4-3.6), absence of usual caretaker (AOR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.3-5.2), unplanned pregnancy (AOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1-3.5), missing antenatal conference participation (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.3-5.7), first birth order (AOR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.17-0.68) and insufficient knowledge (AOR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.6-4.4). Conclusion: The proportion of age appropriate vaccinations coverage was low in the study area. Modifiable factors were associated with age inappropriate vaccinations. Vaccination interventions should consider identified modifiable factors to improve age appropriate vaccinations coverage.
Wild chimpanzees exhibit human-like aging of glucocorticoid regulation
<p><span>Cortisol, a key product of the stress response, has critical influences on degenerative aging in humans. In turn, cortisol production is affected by senescence of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, leading to progressive dysregulation and increased cortisol exposure. These processes have been studied extensively in industrialized settings, but few comparative data are available from humans and closely-related species living in natural environments, where stressors are very different. Here, we examine age-related changes in urinary cortisol in a 20-year longitudinal study of wild chimpanzees (N = 59 adults) in the Kanyawara community of Kibale National Park, Uganda. We tested for three key features of HPA aging identified in many human studies: increased average levels, a blunted diurnal rhythm, and enhanced response to stressors. Using linear mixed models, we found that aging was associated with a blunting of the diurnal rhythm and a significant linear increase in cortisol, even after controlling for changes in dominance rank. These effects did not differ by sex. Aging did not increase sensitivity to energetic stress or social status. Female chimpanzees experienced their highest levels of cortisol during cycling (versus lactation), and this effect increased with age. Male chimpanzees experienced their highest levels when exposed to sexually-attractive females, but this effect was diminished by age. Our results indicate that chimpanzees share some key features of HPA aging with humans. These findings suggest that impairments of HPA regulation are intrinsic to the aging process in hominids and are neither side effects of extended human lifespan nor of atypical environments.</span></p>
Data from: Age-related sex differences in body condition and telomere dynamics of red-sided garter snakes
Life-history strategies vary dramatically between the sexes, which may drive divergence in sex-specific senescence and mortality rates. Telomeres are tandem nucleotide repeats that protect the ends of chromosomes from erosion during cell division. Telomeres have been implicated in senescence and mortality because they tend to shorten with stress, growth and age. We investigated age-specific telomere length in female and male red-sided garter snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. We hypothesized that age-specific telomere length would differ between males and females given their divergent reproductive strategies. Male garter snakes emerge from hibernation with high levels of corticosterone, which facilitates energy mobilization to fuel mate-searching, courtship and mating behaviours during a two to four week aphagous breeding period at the den site. Conversely, females remain at the dens for only about 4 days and seem to invest more energy in growth and cellular maintenance, as they usually reproduce biennially. As male investment in reproduction involves a yearly bout of physiologically stressful activities, while females prioritize self-maintenance, we predicted male snakes would experience more age-specific telomere loss than females. We investigated this prediction using skeletochronology to determine the ages of individuals and qPCR to determine telomere length in a cross-sectional study. For both sexes, telomere length was positively related to body condition. Telomere length decreased with age in male garter snakes, but remained stable in female snakes. There was no correlation between telomere length and growth in either sex, suggesting that our results are a consequence of divergent selection on life histories of males and females. Different selection on the sexes may be the physiological consequence of the sexual dimorphism and mating system dynamics displayed by this species.
Roadside diversity in relation to age and surrounding source habitat: evidence for long time lags in valuable green infrastructure
<p>1. The severe and ongoing decline in semi-natural grassland habitat during the past two centuries means that it is important to consider how other, marginal grassland habitat elements can contribute to landscape-level biodiversity, and under what circumstances.</p> <p>2. To examine how habitat age and the amount of core grassland habitat in the surrounding landscape affect diversity in green infrastructure, we carried out inventories of 36 rural road verges that were either historical (pre-1901) or modern (established post-1901 and before 1975), and were surrounded by relatively high (>15%) or low (<5%) levels of grassland habitat. We recorded the number of plant species, grassland specialists, grassland conservation species and the fraction of the landscape's species and specialists found in the road verge.</p> <p>3. Road verge communities were characterised by high levels of grassland specialist species (35% of the 161 species recorded), with road verge sites supporting 15-20% of the specialist species found in the surrounding 25 km2 landscape.</p> <p>4. Richness of species and specialists were more closely related to road age than to the amount of surrounding habitat. Higher diversity in historical roads, despite the majority of modern roads being at least 60 years old, suggests a long time lag in the establishment of grassland communities in marginal grassland habitats. We identified no effect of historical surrounding land use on present day diversity in road verges.</p> <p>5. Road verge richness was not affected by the amount of surrounding grassland. This could be due to the relatively low amounts of grassland remaining in all landscapes, together with dispersal limitation commonly found in grassland plant communities contributing to a potential time lag.</p> <p>6. We identified road verges as potentially very important habitats for grassland communities. Because of the high levels of grassland specialists present, these and other marginal grasslands and grassland green infrastructure should be explicitly considered in landscape-scale conservation management. Practitioners looking to identify the most species-rich road verges should aim to find the oldest possible, while long time lags in community assembly suggests that seed sowing may be appropriate to enhance roadside diversity, even in decades-old road verges.</p>
Data from: Seasonality determines patterns of growth and age structure over a geographic gradient in an ectothermic vertebrate
<p>Environmental variation connected with sea- sonality is likely to affect the evolution of life-history strategies in ectotherms, but there is no consensus as to how important life-history traits like body size are influ- enced by environmental variation along seasonal gradients. We compared adult body size, skeletal growth, mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity among 11 common frog (<em>Rana temporaria</em>) populations sampled along a 1,600-km-long latitudinal gradient across Scandinavia. Mean age, age at first reproduction and longevity increased linearly with decreasing growth season length. Lifetime activity (i.e. the estimated number of active days during life-time) was highest at mid-latitudes and females had on average more active days throughout their lives than males. Variation in body size was due to differences in lifetime activity among populations—individuals (especially females) were largest where they had the longest cumula- tive activity period—as well as to differences between populations in skeletal growth rate as determined by skel- etochronological analyses. Especially, males grew faster at intermediate latitudes. While life-history trait variation was strongly associated with latitude, the direction and shape of these relationships were sex- and trait-specific. These context-dependent relationships may be the result of life- history trade-offs enforced by differences in future reproductive opportunities and time constraints among the populations. Thus, seasonality appears to be an important environmental factor shaping life-history trait variation in common frogs.</p>
Data from: Age and performance at fledging is a cause and consequence of juvenile mortality between life stages
Should they stay or should they leave? The age at which young transition between life stages, such as living in a nest versus leaving it, differs among species and the reasons why are unclear. We show that offspring of songbird species that leave the nest at a younger age have less-developed wings that cause poorer flight performance and greater mortality after fledging. Experimentally delayed fledging verified that older age and better developed wings provide benefits of reduced juvenile mortality. Young are differentially constrained in the age that they can stay in the nest and enjoy these fitness benefits because of differences among species in opposing predation costs while in the nest. This tension between mortality in versus outside of the nest influences offspring traits and performance and creates an unrecognized conflict between parents and offspring that determines the optimal age to fledge.
Data from: Age-structure and transient dynamics in epidemiological systems
Mathematical models of childhood diseases date back to the early twentieth century. In several cases, models that make the simplifying assumption of homogeneous time-dependent transmission rates give good agreement with data in the absence of secular trends in population demography or transmission. The prime example is afforded by the dynamics of measles in industrialized countries in the pre-vaccine era. Accurate description of the transient dynamics following the introduction of routine vaccination has proved more challenging, however. This is true even in the case of measles which has a well-understood natural history and an effective vaccine that confers long-lasting protection against infection. Here, to shed light on the causes of this problem, we demonstrate that, while the dynamics of homogeneous and age-structured models can be qualitatively similar in the absence of vaccination, they diverge subsequent to vaccine roll-out. In particular, we show that immunization induces changes in transmission rates, which in turn reshapes the age distribution of infection prevalence, which effectively modulates the amplitude of seasonality in such systems. To examine this phenomenon empirically, we fit transmission models to measles notification data from London that span the introduction of the vaccine. We find that a simple age-structured model provides a much better fit to the data than does a homogeneous model, especially in the transition period from the pre-vaccine to the vaccine era. Thus, we propose that age structure and heterogeneities in contact rates are critical features needed to accurately capture transient dynamics in the presence of secular trends.
Iron Age, Castilla La Mancha, Spain
Ceramic lid of an Iberian ear urn from the site of Alarcos, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Iron Age. In the collection of the Ciudad Real Museum. Catalog number DO000178.02. Processed in Reality Capture from 294 images. Sector IV-E. Necropolis I (Grave 2) 7th and 6th centuries BC Citation: Alarcos en Época Ibérica: poblamiento, economía y sociedad, 2014: 75-78 This work is part of the collaboration agreement signed in 2020 between the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and Global Digital Heritage for the digitization of the Cultural Heritage of Castilla-La Mancha region. We want to publicly thank the collaboration of the Museum of Ciudad Real, especially by its director José Ignacio de la Torre. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Coin from Viking age - Sigtrygg Silkbeard
Silver coin wich was part of a bog find from late iron age/ viking age. Irsish Sigtrygg Silkbeard. Museums ID: S3400a Found in: Foldøy- Rogaland - Norway Dated to: 1051-1055 A.D. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bronze Age Pottery, Castilla La Mancha, Spain
Ceramic flairing bowl from the site of La Encantada, Granátula de Calatrava, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain. Bronze Age. In the collection of the Ciudad Real Museum. Catalog number CE000841. Processed in Reality Capture from 490 images. This work is part of the collaboration agreement signed in 2020 between the Junta de Comunidades de Castilla-La Mancha and Global Digital Heritage for the digitization of the Cultural Heritage of Castilla-La Mancha region. We want to publicly thank the collaboration of the Museum of Ciudad Real, especially by its director José Ignacio de la Torre. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bronze Age Sword
15th Century BCE Northern European Oakeshott Collection Catalogue Number: OC078 A typical example of swords from the middle of the European Bronze Age, this piece shows the high level of skill and craftsmanship present in metalworking at the time. The leaf-shaped blade has a lenticular cross section, and has been hammered in to a sharp edge for the majority of its length. The hilt and the blade of this sword are attached via two rivets, and similar pieces have shown that most likely a tang continues to run up in to the grip. Close inspection of the hilt and blade will reveal delicate ornamental engraving, consisting of lines, whorls, and serpentine patterns wrapping around the piece. For more information, please check out a full description at our Patreon page linked below. [Support us on Patreon](https://www.patreon.com/oakeshott) [Follow us on Facebook](https://www.facebook.com/oakeshottinstitute) Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bronze Age Hut circle. Grimspound, Devon
Grimspound is a late Bronze Age settlement, situated on Dartmoor in Devon, England. It consists of a set of 24 hut circles surrounded by a low stone wall. The name was first recorded by the Reverend Richard Polwhele in 1797; it was probably derived from the Anglo-Saxon god of war, Grim. Wikipedia: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimspound Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Bronze age necklace. S1272
Necklace found in Grimshaugem, Sør-Braut, Klepp. Dated to the older bronze age. ***Halskrage***. **Tid/Periode**: Eldre bronsealder **Sted: Norge**, Rogaland, Klepp, Sør-Braut, 20 **Museumsnummer**: S1272 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.