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Fig. 8. Representative mammalian teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 8. Representative mammalian teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A. Meniscoessus sp., MWC 8848, incisor crown in labial (A1) and lingual (A1) views. B. Multituberculata indet., MWC 8863, tooth crown in occlusal (B1), lingual (B2), and distal (B3) views. C. cf. Cimolodon nitidus Marsh, 1889, MWC 8860, left p4 tooth crown in occlusal (C1), labial (C2), and lingual (C3) views. D.?Leptalestes cooki (Clemens, 1966), MWC 8859, tooth crown in occlusal (D1), labial (D2), and lingual (D3) views.

Fig. 3. Representative non-batoid chondrichthyans from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 3. Representative non-batoid chondrichthyans from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A–D. Lonchidion griffisi Case, 1987. A. MWC 8851, tooth crown in labial (A1) and occlusal (A2) views. B. MWC 9580, fragmentary tooth crown in labial (B1) and occlusal (B2) views. C. MWC 9581, fragmentary tooth crown in lingual (C1), labial (C2), and occlusal (C3) views. D. MWC 9582, fragmentary tooth crown in labial (D1) and occlusal (D2) views. E, F. Cantioscyllium markaguntensis Kirkland, Eaton, and Brinkman, 2013. E. MWC 8866, tooth crown in labial (E1) and occlusal (E2) views. F. MWC 9586, tooth crown in labial (F1) and lingual (F2) views. G, H. cf. Chilloscyllium sp. G. MWC 8850, morph 1 tooth crown in mesial (G1) and labial (G2) views. H. MWC 9576, morph 2 tooth crown in mesial (H1) and labial (H2) views. I . Hybodontoidea gen. et sp. indet., MWC 9800, dorsal fin spine in lateral view.

Fig. 5. Representative osteichthyan teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 5. Representative osteichthyan teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A, E. Paralbula casei Estes, 1969b. A. MWC 8855, tooth crown in occlusal (A1), basal (A2), and mesial (A3) views. E. MWC 8856, tooth crown in occlusal view. B. cf. Melvius sp., MWC 8867, tooth crown in labial view. C. Pycnodontiformes gen. et sp. indet., MWC 8873, tooth plate fragment in occlusal (C) view. D. Actinopterygii indet., MWC 8867, tooth crown in lateral (D) view. F. Dipnoi indet., MWC 8885, toothplate fragment in lateral view.

Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 7. Representative theropod dinosaur teeth from the J&M site, Colorado, USA, Williams Fork Formation, Campanian–Maastrichtian, Upper Cretaceous. A. cf. Richardoestesia sp., MWC 8865, tooth crown in labial view (A1), mesial (A2) and distal (A3) serration detail views. B. Dromaeosauridae indet., MWC 8872, tooth crown fragment in lingual (B1), distal (B2) and mesial (B3) serration detail views. C. Hadrosauridae indet., MWC 8896, tooth crown in occlusal (C1) and lateral (C2) views.

Fig. 1 in New Late Cretaceous microvertebrate assemblage from the Campanian-Maastrichtian Williams Fork Formation, northwestern Colorado, USA, and its paleoenvironmental implications

Fig. 1. Index maps showing the location of the J&M site in northwestern Colorado. A. Shaded relief map of the western United States highlighting Colorado. B. The position of the study area in northwestern Colorado. C. Digital elevation model of the study area, star denotes location of the J&M site. Precise locality data on file at MWC (see text).

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Fig. 2 in Redescription of the type specimens for the Late Jurassic rhynchocephalian Opisthias rarus and a new specimen of Theretairus antiquus from Quarry 9, Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA

Fig. 2. Teeth of rhynchocephalians Opisthias sp. (A–D) and Theretairus antiquus Simpson, 1926 (E) from Quarry 9, Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA, Upper Jurassic. A. USNM 6126, right dentary fragment with a relatively complete coronoid process in labial view. B. USNM 26080, fragment of palatine in?lingual view with four teeth attached. C. USNM 508532, rock matrix with fragments of right maxilla in lingual view (C1), close-up detail (C2), maxillary teeth (C3). D. USNM 7767 and USNM 26086, fragments of a right dentary, in lingual (D1), labial (D2), and occlusal (D3) views, close-up detail of the four distalmost additional teeth (D3), close-up detail of the four distalmost additional teeth in labial (D4) and lingual (D5) views. E. USNM 26088, anterior fragment of a left dentary, in labial (E1), lingual (E2), and occlusal (E3) views.

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Fig. 1 in Redescription of the type specimens for the Late Jurassic rhynchocephalian Opisthias rarus and a new specimen of Theretairus antiquus from Quarry 9, Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA

Fig. 1. Teeth in the type specimens of the rhynchocephalian Opisthias rarus Gilmore, 1909, Quarry 9, Como Bluff, Wyoming, USA, Upper Jurassic. A. USNM 2860 (holotype), nearly complete left dentary, in labial (A1, A4), lingual (A2, A5), and occlusal (A3, A6) views. B. USNM 2858 (paratype), partial left dentary, in labial (B1, B4), lingual (B2, B5), and occlusal (B3, B6) views. C. Fragment of rock matrix belonging to the holotype. D. Holotype when it is superimposed to the rock matrix.

Fig. 1 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 1. Map showing location od the study area (A) and the three fossiliferous localities (asterisked) of the Springhill Formation, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina (B). C. Stratigraphic section of the Springhill Formation in the Estancia El Álamo locality.

Fig. 5 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 5. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A, B. Trunk showing diameter and incomplete length. Note branches (arrows). C. Deep intrusion of the trunk into the deposits. D. Detail of the decorticated trunk.

Fig. 9 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 9. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Details of radial sections under SEM. A. Tracheid with slightly flattened pits (arrow). B. Tracheid showing contiguous pits with circular inner aperture. C–E. Araucarioid crossfield pits. C. General aspect. D. Contiguous alternate bordered pits placed in four vertical rows. Note circular pits in outline and circular inner aperture. E. Detail of inner apertures infilled with Si cement in elliptical form (arrow). Scale bars: A, B, E, 25 µm; C, 100 µm; D, 5 µm.

Fig. 4 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 4. XRD and SEM/EDS mineralogical and chemical analysis of Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. A. XRD pattern of the bulk sample showing quartz composition of the trunk. B. XRD pattern of the clay fraction showing no presence of clay minerals in the trunk. C, D. SEM of crossfield pits and tracheids in radial section. Note that quadrangular and rectangular areas correspond to the spot analysis shown in E–I. E–I. EDS patterns of xylem elements. E. Parenchyma ray cell wall. F. Inner aperture in crossfield pits. G, H. Tracheids cell walls. I. Tracheid pit cavity. All the EDS patterns are showing Si and O components.

Fig. 8 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 8. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Radial sections observed under SEM. A. General aspect showing ray cells (arrow), crossfields pits (circle), axial tracheids (arrowhead). B. Detail of tracheids with uniseriate, and contiguous pits, arrow shows transition from biseriate to uniseriate pit rows. C. Detail of tracheids with biseriate, contiguous, and alternate to subopposite pits. Scale bars: A, B, 200 µm; C, 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 3. Trunk location in the tectostratigraphic framework of the initial infilling of the AustralMagallanes Basin, from the rift stage to the beginning of the foreland stage (modified from Poiré et al. 2017). Not to scale.

Fig. 2 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 2. Outcrops of the Springhill Formation in the Estancia El Álamo locality. A. Panoramic view of the Springhill Formation outcrop overlying the El Quemado Complex. B. Polymictic conglomerate beds with a sandstone bed intercalation, Springhill Formation. C. Detail of the polymictic conglomerate with siliceous (S) and volcanic (V) clasts. D. Pyroclastic (P) and siliceous (S) clasts in the conglomerate.

Fig. 7 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 7. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Transverse sections observed under LM. A. General aspect showing numerous, at least five frost rings (brackets). B, C. Detail of frost rings. B. Two frost rings. Note normal and rectilinear trajectory of rays (arrows) alternate with more sinuous and distended rays (arrowheads). C. Detail of frost ring cell layers, from inside to outside. Note normal tracheids that gradually grade into irregular shaped tracheids (bar) followed by a dark layer of collapsed dead cells (arrow) followed by a layer of distorted axial tracheids difficult to recognise individually. Also note dark contents in lumen cells. Scale bars: A, 3 mm; B, 1.5 mm; C, 150 µm.

Fig. 6 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 6. Araucarian wood Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. (MPMPB15596), Estancia El Álamo, Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian. Wood sections observed under LM. A–C. Transverse view. A. Slightly marked growth ring (arrows). B. Detail of growth ring, arrow shows layers of rectangularflattened latewood tracheids. C. Detail of earlywood tracheids and rectilinear trajectory of rays (arrow). D–G. Longitudinal tangential view. D. General aspect, arrows indicate partially biseriate rays. E–G. Details of biseriate rays (arrows), arrowhead shows resin plugs. Scale bars: A, 500 µm; B, C, 150 µm; D–G, 100 µm.

Fig. 10 in Recurrent volcanic activity recorded in araucarian wood from the Lower Cretaceous Springhill Formation, Patagonia, Argentina: Palaeoenvironmental interpretations

Fig. 10. Hypothetical scenario in the Estancia El Álamo locality (Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, Berriasian–Valanginian) following volcanic disturbances. A. Preeruption stage. Seedlings, juvenile, and mature trees of Agathoxylon mendezii sp. nov. growing in a warm almost subtropical palaeoenvironment. Note volcanoes in the distance. Photo shows wood with slightly growth ring. B. Initial eruption stage. Volcanoes begin to eject silicate dust and sulfur compounds into the stratosphere. C. Climax eruption stage. Aerosol layer thickness is markedly increased producing the decrease of the surface air temperature below subzero values. Photo shows wood damaged by frost. D. Posteruption stage. Volcanoes activity begins to cease and temperature begins to rise to original values.

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Fig. 6. A in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 6. A. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.538; L = 1089) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the dentition-based data matrix with an unconstrained search. B. Strict consensus tree of 100 most parsimonious trees (CI = 0.238; RI = 0.609; L = 669) recovered in the cladistic analysis of the tooth-crown-based data matrix.

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Fig. 7 in Isolated theropod teeth associated with a sauropod skeleton from the Late Cretaceous Allen Formation of Río Negro, Patagonia, Argentina

Fig. 7. Results of the discriminant analysis performed at the "group"-level on the whole dataset along the first two canonical axes of maximum discrimination in the dataset with personal measurements of CH (A) and teeth larger than two centimeters (B). A. For 400 teeth belonging to 46 theropod taxa and 12 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 38.08% and 30.78% of the total variance, respectively). B. For 725 teeth belonging to 53 theropod taxa and 13 groupings (PC1 and PC2 account for 47.39% and 27.61% of the total variance, respectively). Abbreviations: AL, apical length; CBL, crown base; CBW, crown base width; CH, crown height; MCL, mid crown length; MCW, mid-crown width; MSL, mesial serrated carina length.