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1,515 results for “marshes”
Data from: Soil erodibility differs according to heritable trait variation and nutrient-induced plasticity in the salt marsh engineer Spartina alterniflora
Use of landform engineers for habitat restoration has often resulted in unanticipated outcomes. It is possible that departures from expectation arise because applications do not adequately account for the influence of heritable and non-heritable phenotypic variation on ecosystem attributes. In this study, we performed a common garden greenhouse experiment to determine whether soil shear strength—a characteristic linked to erosion resistance—varies according to heritable and plastic trait expression in Spartina alterniflora grown under contrasting nutrient regimes. We detected heritable variation across a broad spectrum of functional traits, including nutrient uptake. We also found that S. alterniflora exhibited trait-specific differences in nutrient-induced phenotypic plasticity. Heritable trait differences and plasticity together explained approximately 70% of the observed variation in soil shear strength. Soil shear strength increased when plants received more nutrients, but the influence of heritable variation on soil shear strength was equal to or larger than that of nutrient-induced plasticity. These findings illustrate that heritable and non-heritable trait expression can potentially govern the fate of marsh ecosystems, which suggests that consideration should be given to both factors when deploying landform engineers for coastal restoration.
FIGURES 1–6. 1–3 in Redefinition of genus Tarasco Marsh (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Doryctinae) and description of two new Brazilian species
FIGURES 1–6. 1–3: Tarasco granulata sp nov.: 1, wings; 2, propodeum; 3, metasoma. 4–6: T. costata sp nov., 4, part of mesosoma; 5, propodeum; 6, wings.
Data from: Spartina alterniflora genotypic identity affects plant and consumer responses in an experimental marsh community
1. Competition and herbivory are ubiquitous processes known to interactively shape plant performance, distribution and community assembly. Likewise, plant genetic variation and associated trait differences can impact both plant-plant and plant-herbivore interactions individually, yet few studies have explored these interactions simultaneously. 2. Salt marsh communities are an ideal system to study these questions, as they are dominated along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States by a foundation plant species, Spartina alterniflora, with high levels of genetically-based trait variation. Furthermore, consumer pressure and plant competitors are known to influence both the distribution and production of Spartina. We manipulated Spartina genetic identity, neighbor identity (needlerush, Juncus roemerianus), and consumer presence (snail, Littoraria irrorata) in a one-year field experiment in St. Joseph Bay, FL to test how the strength and direction of neighbor and consumer interactions vary by plant genotype. 3. Consumer effects on Spartina were generally stronger and more variable than those of the plant neighborhood, and these effects were generally consistent across Spartina genotypes. However, genotype-specific variation in morphology, phenology, and palatability significantly influenced both consumer and neighbor responses to Spartina: the consumer Littoraria was more likely to climb palatable Spartina genotypes, and neighboring Juncus had shorter stems in the presence of highly productive Spartina genotypes. 4. Synthesis. Our results add to the growing list of examples highlighting the role of intraspecific variation in species interactions, and suggest that variation in these interactions may promote the maintenance of plant genetic variation and community composition.
Data from: Developing state and transition models of floodplain vegetation dynamics as a tool for conservation decision-making: a case study of the Macquarie Marshes Ramsar wetland
1. Floodplain vegetation states (communities) exhibit spatiotemporal dynamics in vegetation structure and composition, which reflect unique hydrological and connectivity patterns. Shifts in inundation regimes can drive succession and establish new stable states, determined by the magnitude and duration of the hydrological perturbation. 2. We aimed to develop a modelling approach that is able to capture ecosystem dynamics, identify and quantify the main drivers of change, and provide a tool for conservation decision-making. We developed state and transition models for floodplain vegetation states based on surveys in 1991 and 2008 in the Macquarie Marshes (Australia), a Ramsar wetland of international importance. We used a Bayesian logistic regression approach to model state and transitions between vegetation states and investigated how flood frequency, distance to stream and fire frequency were associated with vegetation dynamics during this period. 3. During 1991–2008, significant transitions have occurred towards drier states. Semi-permanent wetland vegetation had the lowest persistence probability (ppsis = 0·456) and a significant threshold response of transitioning to terrestrial vegetation (ptran = 0·505). Transition to drier states was driven by lower inundation probabilities followed by increased fire probability, and distance to nearest stream. 4. Using developed models, we predicted persistence probabilities of vegetation states under an unregulated (i.e. no dams or diversions) and regulated water availability system. Under a regulated system, semi-permanent wetland vegetation had an average persistence of ppsis = 0. 67 and 0·08 in the northern and southern sections of the nature reserve, respectively. Under an unregulated system, the predicted persistence of semi-permanent wetland vegetation was considerably higher: ppsis = 0·87 and 0·38, respectively. 5. Synthesis and applications. Developing quantitative models of state transitions significantly improved our understanding of ecosystem dynamics, identifying sensitive indicators for monitoring and thus supporting conservation decision-making. This helps managers understand potential trajectories of change in ecosystems in response to management options. For example, increasing environmental flows in the Macquarie Marshes is predicted to shift the community towards more of a wetland than the terrestrial state, resulting from river regulation. State and transition models identified how key ecological assets respond to drivers of change, particularly where these can be managed. This is critical for ensuring that all ecosystem components are managed and that these do not shift into undesirable states.
Data from: Genomics of rapid ecological divergence and parallel adaptation in four tidal marsh sparrows
Theory suggests that different taxa having colonized a similar, challenging environment will show parallel or lineage-specific adaptations to shared selection pressures, but empirical examples of parallel evolution in independent taxa are exceedingly rare. We employed comparative genomics to identify parallel and lineage-specific responses to selection within and among four species of North American sparrows that represent four independent, post-Pleistocene colonization events by an ancestral, upland subspecies and a derived salt marsh specialist. We identified multiple cases of parallel adaptation in these independent comparisons following salt marsh colonization, including selection on twelve candidate genes linked to osmoregulation. In addition to detecting shared genetic targets of selection across multiple comparisons, we found many novel, species-specific signatures of selection, including evidence of selection on loci associated with both physiological and behavioral mechanisms of osmoregulation. Demographic reconstructions of all four species highlighted their recent divergence and small effective population sizes, as expected given their rapid radiation into saline environments. Our results highlight the interplay of both shared and lineage-specific selection pressures in the colonization of a biotically and abiotically challenging habitat and confirm theoretical expectations that steep environmental clines can drive repeated and rapid evolutionary diversification in birds.
FIGURES 24–35 in Haslea sigma (Naviculaceae, Bacillariophyta) a new sigmoid benthic species from salt marshes of Southern Brazil
FIGURES 24–35. SEM: Haslea sigma sp. nov. Figs. 24, 26–28, 32, 33. External view. Fig. 24. General view showing the outline of the valve. Fig. 26. Detail of two slits forming a wedge-like structure and detail of slightly curved terminal raphe. Fig. 27. Apice of valve showing the valve surface with straight, parallel and longitudinal strips (black arrow) separated by narrow slits (white arrow). Fig. 28. Detail of open valve showing cingulum composed by valvocopula (black arrow) and one copula (white arrow). Figs. 25, 29–31, 34, 35. Internal view. Fig. 25. General view showing the outline of the valve. Fig. 29. Valve center presenting raphe ending (black arrow), and a pseudostauros formed on primary side (ps) by one thickened virga (black arrow-head) and on secondary side (ss) by two thickened virgae (white arrow-head). Fig. 30. Center of valve showing on primary side part of accessory rib (black arrow), on secondary side the short accessory rib (white arrow) and the pseudostauros (black arrow-head). Fig. 31. Center of valve with pseudostauros, note that on primary and secondary sides the pseudostauros is formed by only one thickened virga. Figs. 32, 33. Longitudinal strips and slits, and central raphe fissures drop-like, bent to primary side. Figs. 34, 35. Apices showing helictoglossa (black arrow), quadrate areolae (white arrow) and end of accessory rib (arrow-head) on the primary side. Scale bars = 10 μm (Figs. 24, 25), 5 μm (Fig. 30), 2 μm (Fig. 27), 1 μm (Figs. 28, 29, 31–34), 0.5 μm (Figs. 26, 35).
Figure 3 in Feeding behaviour of Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)
Figure 3. Feeding preference of A. americanus offered four prey types at three concentrations of the algae S. acutus. Shown are mean ± SE based on four replicate observations.
Figure 2 in Feeding behaviour of Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)
Figure 2. Functional response of A. americanus offered conspecific nauplii, cladocerans (M. micrura) and rotifers (B. havanaensis). Shown are the mean ± SE of the actual prey consumed based on four replicate observations and the transformation of the curve using the Michaelis–Menten equation.
Figure 1 in Feeding behaviour of Acanthocyclops americanus (Marsh) (Copepoda: Cyclopoida)
Figure 1. Clearance rates of A. americanus adult females, A. americanus nauplii, M. micrura and B. havanaensis at different concentrations of the chlorophyte Scenedesmus acutus. Shown are the mean ± SE based on four replicate observations.
Field dataset for marsh intertidal creek study - Sapelo Island, Georgia
<p>Field data collected in an intertidal salt marsh located on Sapelo Island, USA. This data contains processed datasets for acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs), pressure sensors, and TSS water column samples within three creeks in a confined drainage basin.</p>
FIGURE 2 in Revised diagnoses of Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (the type genus and species of Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869) and Claosaurus agilis Marsh, 1872 (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America
FIGURE 2. (a) Right ilium of the holotype specimen of Claosaurus agilis (YPM 1190) in lateral view. The horizontal and double-arrowed white lines indicate the breadth of the supraacetabular crest being approximately 75 per cent of the length of the central plate of the ilium. The vertical white arrow indicates the position of the ventral apex of the supraacetabular crest relative to the posteroventral corner (black arrow) of the posterior tuberosity of the ischial peduncle. (b) Line drawing of the right ilium of YPM 1190 showing in gray the areas with plaster reconstruction.
FIGURE 1 in Revised diagnoses of Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (the type genus and species of Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869) and Claosaurus agilis Marsh, 1872 (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America
FIGURE 1. Simplified strict consensus tree of the phylogenetic relationships of hadrosauroid dinosaurs presented by Prieto- Márquez (2010), showing the position of Hadrosaurus foulkii and Claosaurus agilis.
FIGURE 3 in Revised diagnoses of Hadrosaurus foulkii Leidy, 1858 (the type genus and species of Hadrosauridae Cope, 1869) and Claosaurus agilis Marsh, 1872 (Dinosauria: Ornithopoda) from the Late Cretaceous of North America
FIGURE 3. Distribution, in a phylogenetic context, of the relative length and profile of the laterodistal corner of the deltopectoral crest of the humerus, and the anteroposterior width of the supraacetabular crest and position of its apex relative to the ischial peduncle of the ilium in Hadrosaurus foulkii and selected major groups of iguanodontian dinosaurs. The cladogram has been simplified from the strict reduced consensus tree presented by Prieto-Márquez (2010). From left to right, specimens used as clade or taxon representatives are as follows. Non-hadrosauroid Iguanodontia: skull of Iguanodon bernissartensis (IRSNB 1731), and right humerus (NHMUK R6616; reversed) and left ilium (NHMUK 11521) of Mantellisaurus atherfieldensis. Nonhadrosaurid Hadrosauroidea: skull of Equijubus normani (IVPP V12534), and right humerus (AMNH 30728; reversed) and right ilium (AMNH 30735; reversed) of Gilmoreosaurus mongoliensis. Hadrosaurus foulkii: line drawing of the historical skull model sculpted by Waterhouse Hawkins, and left humerus and left ilium of ANSP 10005. Saurolophinae: skull of Edmontosaurus annectens (SM R4036) and left humerus of Gryposaurus latidens (AMNH 5465). Lambeosaurinae: skull of Parasaurolophus walkeri (ROM 768) and left humerus of P. cyrtocristatus (FMNH P27393). The right ilium (reversed) representing both saurolophines and lambeosaurines (i.e., Saurolophidae) is that of Brachylophosaurus canadensis (MOR 794). Skulls and ilia are shown in left lateral view; humeri are displayed in anteromedial view.
Figs. 16–18 in Notes on the Marsh Beetle Genus Ora Clark (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) in the Southeastern USA and Central America
Figs. 16–18. Ora species, apex of male genitalia, penis shaded. 16) O. depressa, Mexico; 17) O. discoidea, Florida; 18) O. cf. marmorata, Texas.
Figs. 1–4. Ora discoidea from Louisiana. 1 in Notes on the Marsh Beetle Genus Ora Clark (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) in the Southeastern USA and Central America
Figs. 1–4. Ora discoidea from Louisiana. 1) Male vittate form, dorsal habitus; 2) Same male, ventral habitus; 3) Female, dorsal habitus; 4) Same female, ventral habitus. Scale bar = 1 mm.
Figs. 5–15. Ora species, dorsal habitus. O in Notes on the Marsh Beetle Genus Ora Clark (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) in the Southeastern USA and Central America
Figs. 5–15. Ora species, dorsal habitus. O. discoidea: 5) Male vittate form, Guatemala; 6) Male unmarked form, Mexico; 7) Male lightly marked form, Mexico. 8) O. depressa, Mexico; 9) O. hyacintha, Florida; 10) O. cf. marmorata, Texas; 11) O. texana, Florida. O. troberti: 12–14) Specimens from Florida; 15) Specimen from Texas. Figs. 9 and 11–15 from Epler (2010). Not to scale.
Data and model code for study: Mechanistic modelling of marsh seedling establishment provides a positive outlook for coastal wetland restoration under global climate change
<p>This folder will include data and model code for study: Mechanistic modelling of marsh seedling establishment provides a positive outlook for coastal wetland restoration under global climate change.</p>
FIGURE 24 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America
FIGURE 24. Distribution of Mucronotus gen. nov. A) M. enigmaticus sp. nov. (blue dots) and M. patagonicus sp. nov. (red dots); B) M. schwabei (Pic); C) M. valdivianus sp. nov.; D) M. velutinus (Solier).
FIGURE 21 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America
FIGURE 21. Mucronotus velutinus (Solier), male. A) terminal segments and genitalia; B) penis; C) tegmen; D) sternite VIII; E) sternite IX; F) tergite VIII; G) tergite IX. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.
FIGURE 20 in Three new genera of large marsh beetles (Coleoptera: Scirtidae) from Valdivian temperate rain forests of southern South America
FIGURE 20. Mucronotus valdivianus sp. nov., female. A) genital tract; B) bursal sclerite. Abbreviations: bscl—bursal sclerite, bsl—bursella, gla—gland. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.