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Figure 2 in Morphological and histological study of the scales of the grey notothen, Lepidonotothen squamifrons (Günther 1880) (Nototheniidae; Perciformes; Teleostei)
Figure 2. – Superficial view of scales (SEM). A: Detail of the circuli of the anterior area near the anterior margin. We show three radii (arrowheads) and the circuli with some very thin spines at their tip. In the inset, detail of the spines at the tip of the circuli. (scale bar = 7 μm). B: Detail of the circuli of the anterior area near the focus, between two radii. The circuli are thicker than the more anterior ones (compare with Fig. A). C: Detail of the posterior area. Four cteni are seen, the base of which are fit each other and with more ancient ctenial bases. Scale bars: A, C = 100 μm; B = 25 μm.
FIGURE 31. Cheiracanthus latus scale histology. 1, NMS G.2019.9.21.5 in A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 31. Cheiracanthus latus scale histology. 1, NMS G.2019.9.21.5, vertical transverse section, anterior half of scale. 2, NMS G.2019.9.19.2, vertical transverse section, anterior half of scale. 3, NMS G.2019.9.20.3, vertical transverse section, midscale. 4, 5, NMS G.2019.3.3.14, vertical transverse section, midscale, with closeup of central region. 6, NMS G.2019.9.21.3, vertical transverse sections of two scales, posterior half of scale. 7, NMS G.2019.3.3.12, vertical transverse section towards posterior end of scale. 8, NMS G.2019.3.7.6, subhorizontal section through anterior base and posterior crown. 9, NMS G.2019.3.7.6, vertical oblique section through posterior crown and base. 10, NMS G.2019.9.19.7, horizontal section low in crown. 11, NMS G.2019.9.22.5, horizontal section high in crown. 12, 13, NMS G.2019.9.23.7, section through fin web scales including tiny distal scales with a deep neck and flat base, closeup of distal fin web scales in 13. Scale bars equal 0.1 mm in 1-11,13, 0.5 mm in 12. Arrows indicate anterior.
FIGURE 21. Cheiracanthus grandispinus scale histology. 1, NMS G.2019.9.3.9 from Gamrie, vertical longitudinal section through posterior protuberance. 2, 9, 12, NMS G.2019.9.8 in A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 21. Cheiracanthus grandispinus scale histology. 1, NMS G.2019.9.3.9 from Gamrie, vertical longitudinal section through posterior protuberance. 2, 9, 12, NMS G.2019.9.8 from Jessie Port, Ross and Cromarty: 2, NMS G.2019.9.8.14, anterior crown vertical transverse section; 9, NMS G.2019.9.8.10, crown vertical transverse section; 12, NMS G.2019.9.8.13, crown horizontal section. 3, NMS G.2019.9.35.6, from Achanarras, midscale vertical transverse section. 4, 5, 10, 11, from Achanarras: 4, NMS G.2019.9.2.4, posterior half of scale, vertical transverse section; 5, NMS G.2019.9.2.2, vertical longitudinal section; 10, NMS G.1893.107.9.2, horizontal section through crown base; 11, NMS G.1893.107.9.2, horizontal section through midcrown. 6-8, NMS G.2019.9.10 from Cromarty: 6, NMS G.2019.9.10.3, off-centre vertical longitudinal section; 7, NMS G.2019.9.10.5, vertical transverse section; 8, NMS G.2019.9.10.9, oblique vertical section through side of scale. Scale bars equal 0.1 mm. Arrows indicate anterior.
FIGURE 12. Cheiracanthus murchisoni scale morphology. 1-11, NMS G.2019.3.6 in A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 12. Cheiracanthus murchisoni scale morphology. 1-11, NMS G.2019.3.6 from Gamrie: 1-6, SEM images of scale patch NMS G.2019.3.6.35 removed from midflank of counterpart; 7-11, drawings of scale crowns from: 7, behind the head; 8, midbody; 9, near the dorsal fin spine; 10, in front of the tail; 11, on the tail. 12-15, SEM images of detached midbody? scales of NMS G.2019.9.29 from Cromarty Sutors: 12, NMS G.2019.9.29.11.5, crown view; 13, NMS G.2019.9.29.11.2, laterocrown view; 14, NMS G.2019.9.29.11.19, lateral view; 15, NMS G.2019.9.29.11.1, anterolateral view. 16, 17, NMS G.2019.9.29.12 from Cromarty Sutors: 16, NMS G.2019.9.29.12.3, base showing concentric lines of Sharpey's fibre bundles; 17, NMS G.2019.9.29.12.2, patch of articulated scales, crown view. 18, 19, ventral mid-body squamation patches of NMS G.2019.9.31.2 from Den of Findon. 20, NMS G.2019.9.30.2 from Edderton, scale in squamation patch. Scale bars equal 1.0 mm in 1-3, 0.3 mm in 4-11 (7-11 all at same scale), 17, 18, 20; 0.1 mm in 12-16, 20.
FIGURE 13. Cheiracanthus murchisoni scale histology. 1-5, 9-11 in A redescription of the three longest-known species of the acanthodian Cheiracanthus from the Middle Devonian of Scotland
FIGURE 13. Cheiracanthus murchisoni scale histology. 1-5, 9-11: thin sections of scales from NMS G.2019.3.6 from Gamrie: 1, NMS G.2019.3.6.20, slightly oblique vertical section of mid-body scale; 2, NMS G.2019.3.6.32, vertical transverse section of ventral scale in the shoulder girdle region; 3, NMS G.2019.3.6.19, vertical transverse section of scale behind the head; 4, NMS G.2019.3.6.33, vertical longitudinal section of two contiguous scales in the midbody flank region; 5, NMS G.2019.3.6.36, subhorizontal section through base and lower crown; 9-11, NMS G.2019.3.6.28, vertical longitudinal section through fin web and body scales near pectoral fin spine: 9, distal fin scales; 10, fin web and body scales; 11, fin web scale and fin rays=ceratotrichia. 6, NMS G.2019.9.29.5 from Cromarty, vertical oblique section. 7, NMS G.2019.9.29.10 from Cromarty Sutors, vertical transverse section through posterior crown;8, NMS G.2019.9.33.6, from Jessie Port, vertical transverse section. Scale bars equal 0.1 mm. ac, ascending canals; bl, base lamellae; cir, circular canals; cW, canals of Williamson; en, enameloid; ez, embryonic zone; fr, fin ray; lac, canal lacunae; p, protuberance; rc, radial canal; Sf, Sharpey's fibre bundles. Arrows indicate anterior.
Figure 5. Broad-scale components RDA 1-3 in Effects of temperature patterns on the spawining phenology and niche overlap of fish assemblages in the water bodies of the Dnipro River basin
Figure 5. Broad-scale components RDA 1-3 of the annual temperature variation. Black line – the original data, colored lines – smoothed data. The abscissa axis – the number of days from 1 July of the previous year to June 31 of the next year
Рис. 4. Фотографии Theristus securus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, e, h, j) и паратип самки (b, f, g, i). a, b — общий виΔ; c — переΔний конец теΛа; d, e, f — гоΛова; g — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; h, i — заΔний конец теΛа; j — терминус хвоста. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; c, h, i — 50 мкм; g — 20 мкм; d, e, f, j — 10 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Theristus securus sp. nov, male holotype (a, c, d, e, h, i) and female paratype (b, f, g, i). a, b — general view; c — anterior body end; d, e, f — head; g — vulvar region; h, i — posterior body end; j — tail terminus. Scale bars: a, b — 100 μm; c, h, i — 50 m; g — 20 m; d, e, f, j – 10 μm in Two New Species Of The Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 (Nematoda, Monhysterida) From The Water Bodies Of Vietnam
Рис. 4. Фотографии Theristus securus sp. nov., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, e, h, j) и паратип самки (b, f, g, i). a, b — общий виΔ; c — переΔний конец теΛа; d, e, f — гоΛова; g — теΛо в обΛасти вуΛьвы; h, i — заΔний конец теΛа; j — терминус хвоста. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; c, h, i — 50 мкм; g — 20 мкм; d, e, f, j — 10 мкм Fig. 4. Light micrograph of Theristus securus sp. nov, male holotype (a, c, d, e, h, i) and female paratype (b, f, g, i). a, b — general view; c — anterior body end; d, e, f — head; g — vulvar region; h, i — posterior body end; j — tail terminus. Scale bars: a, b — 100 μm; c, h, i — 50 m; g — 20 m; d, e, f, j – 10 μm
Рис. 1. Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nоv., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, e), паратип самки (b). a, b — общий виΔ; c — гоΛова; e — спикуΛа и руΛек; d — заΔний конец теΛа. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; d — 80 мкм; c — 15 мкм; e — 10 мкм Fig. 1. Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nоv., male holotype (a, c, d, e) and female paratype (b). a, b — general view; c — head; e — spicule and gubernaculum; d — posterior body end. Scale bars: a, b — 100 µm; d — 80 µm; c — 15 µm; e — 10 µm in Two New Species Of The Family Xyalidae Chitwood, 1951 (Nematoda, Monhysterida) From The Water Bodies Of Vietnam
Рис. 1. Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nоv., гоΛотип самца (a, c, d, e), паратип самки (b). a, b — общий виΔ; c — гоΛова; e — спикуΛа и руΛек; d — заΔний конец теΛа. Масштаб: a, b — 100 мкм; d — 80 мкм; c — 15 мкм; e — 10 мкм Fig. 1. Metadesmolaimus longicaudatus sp. nоv., male holotype (a, c, d, e) and female paratype (b). a, b — general view; c — head; e — spicule and gubernaculum; d — posterior body end. Scale bars: a, b — 100 µm; d — 80 µm; c — 15 µm; e — 10 µm
Рис. 2. Invetrix bifaria gen. nov., sp. nov.: A, B — генитаΛии самца, общий виΔ снизу и сбоку, C — стернит и тергит 8-го сегмента брюшка, D — пучки анΔрокониаΛьных чешуек на 2-м сегменте брюшка, E — генитаΛии самки Fig. 2. Invetrix bifaria gen. nov., sp. nov.: A, B — male genitalia (ventral view and lateral view), C — sternite and tergite of the 8th segment of the abdomen, D — bundles of androconial scales on the 2nd segment of the abdomen, E — female genitalia in A New Genus Of Gelechiid Moths Of The Tribe Litini (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae: Gelechiinae) From Malaysia
Рис. 2. Invetrix bifaria gen. nov., sp. nov.: A, B — генитаΛии самца, общий виΔ снизу и сбоку, C — стернит и тергит 8-го сегмента брюшка, D — пучки анΔрокониаΛьных чешуек на 2-м сегменте брюшка, E — генитаΛии самки Fig. 2. Invetrix bifaria gen. nov., sp. nov.: A, B — male genitalia (ventral view and lateral view), C — sternite and tergite of the 8th segment of the abdomen, D — bundles of androconial scales on the 2nd segment of the abdomen, E — female genitalia
Рис. 1–8. ВыемчатокрыΛые моΛи, имаго. 1 — Pyncostola bohemiella, самец; 2 — Monochroa inflexella, самец; 3, 4 — M. schistacea (3 — самец, 4 — самка); 5 — Helcystogramma albinervis, самец; 6 — Gelechia repetitrix, самец; 7 — Brachmia blandella, самка; 8 — Helcystogramma arulensis, самец. Масштаб: 1 мм Figs. 1–8. Gelechiidae, adults. 1 – Pyncostola bohemiella, male; 2 — Monochroa inflexella, male; 3, 4 — M. schistacea (3 — male, 4 — female); 5 — Helcystogramma albinervis, male; 6 — Gelechia repetitrix, male; 7 — Brachmia blandella, female; 8 — Helcystogramma arulensis, male. Scale bar: 1 mm in On The Fauna Of Gelechiid Moths From Omsk Region
Рис. 1–8. ВыемчатокрыΛые моΛи, имаго. 1 — Pyncostola bohemiella, самец; 2 — Monochroa inflexella, самец; 3, 4 — M. schistacea (3 — самец, 4 — самка); 5 — Helcystogramma albinervis, самец; 6 — Gelechia repetitrix, самец; 7 — Brachmia blandella, самка; 8 — Helcystogramma arulensis, самец. Масштаб: 1 мм Figs. 1–8. Gelechiidae, adults. 1 – Pyncostola bohemiella, male; 2 — Monochroa inflexella, male; 3, 4 — M. schistacea (3 — male, 4 — female); 5 — Helcystogramma albinervis, male; 6 — Gelechia repetitrix, male; 7 — Brachmia blandella, female; 8 — Helcystogramma arulensis, male. Scale bar: 1 mm
Рис. 9–17. ВыемчатокрыΛые моΛи, генитаΛии. 9 — Pyncostola bohemiella, генитаΛии самца; 10 — Monochroa inflexella, генитаΛии самца; 11, 12 — M. schistacea (11 — генитаΛии самца, 11a — эΑеагус, 12 — генитаΛии самки, 12а — копуΛятивная сумка, 12b — семенной проток и семенной пузырек); 13 — Gelechia repetitrix, генитаΛии самца; 14 — Helcystogramma albinervis, генитаΛии самца; 15, 16 — H. arulensis (15, 15a — генитаΛии самца, 16 — генитаΛии самки); 17 — Brachmia blandella, генитаΛии самки. 9–11a, 13, 15a — виΑ сбоку; 12–12b, 14, 15, 16, 17 — виΑ с вентраΛьной стороны. Масштаб: 9–11a, 13, 14 — 0,1 мм; 12–12b, 15–17 — 0,2 мм Figs. 9–17. Gelechiidae, genitalia. 9 — Pyncostola bohemiella, male genitalia; 10 — Monochroa inflexella, male genitalia; 11, 12 — M. schistacea (11 — male genitalia, 11a — aedeagus, 12 — female genitalia, 12a — bursa copulatrix, 12b — ductus seminalis and bulla seminalis); 13 — Gelechia repetitrix, male genitalia; 14 — Helcystogramma albinervis, male genitalia; 15, 16 — H. arulensis (15, 15a — male genitalia, 16 — female genitalia); 17 — Brachmia blandella, female genitalia. 9–11a, 13, 15a — lateral view; 12–12b, 14, 15, 16, 17 — ventral view. Scale bar: 9–11a, 13, 14 — 0.1 mm; 12–12b, 15–17 — 0.2 mm in On The Fauna Of Gelechiid Moths From Omsk Region
Рис. 9–17. ВыемчатокрыΛые моΛи, генитаΛии. 9 — Pyncostola bohemiella, генитаΛии самца; 10 — Monochroa inflexella, генитаΛии самца; 11, 12 — M. schistacea (11 — генитаΛии самца, 11a — эΑеагус, 12 — генитаΛии самки, 12а — копуΛятивная сумка, 12b — семенной проток и семенной пузырек); 13 — Gelechia repetitrix, генитаΛии самца; 14 — Helcystogramma albinervis, генитаΛии самца; 15, 16 — H. arulensis (15, 15a — генитаΛии самца, 16 — генитаΛии самки); 17 — Brachmia blandella, генитаΛии самки. 9–11a, 13, 15a — виΑ сбоку; 12–12b, 14, 15, 16, 17 — виΑ с вентраΛьной стороны. Масштаб: 9–11a, 13, 14 — 0,1 мм; 12–12b, 15–17 — 0,2 мм Figs. 9–17. Gelechiidae, genitalia. 9 — Pyncostola bohemiella, male genitalia; 10 — Monochroa inflexella, male genitalia; 11, 12 — M. schistacea (11 — male genitalia, 11a — aedeagus, 12 — female genitalia, 12a — bursa copulatrix, 12b — ductus seminalis and bulla seminalis); 13 — Gelechia repetitrix, male genitalia; 14 — Helcystogramma albinervis, male genitalia; 15, 16 — H. arulensis (15, 15a — male genitalia, 16 — female genitalia); 17 — Brachmia blandella, female genitalia. 9–11a, 13, 15a — lateral view; 12–12b, 14, 15, 16, 17 — ventral view. Scale bar: 9–11a, 13, 14 — 0.1 mm; 12–12b, 15–17 — 0.2 mm
Рис. 7–9. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov. (7 — гоΛотип, 8 — паратип) и C. anisacanthus, гоΛотип, 81,5 мм HL (9), гоΛова, виΔ сбоку. Обозначения: oo — Δиаметр гΛаза, po — посторбитаΛьная ΔΛина. Масштаб: 7 — 20 мм; 8, 9 — 10 мм Figs. 7–9. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov. (7 — holotype, 8 — paratype) and C. anisacanthus, holotype, 81.5 mm HL (9), head, lateral view. Symbols: oo — diameter of eye, po — postorbital length. Scale bars: 7 — 20 mm; 8, 9 — 10 mm in Coelorinchus From The Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain (The Pacific Ocean) (Teleostei, Gadiformes, Macrouridae)
Рис. 7–9. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov. (7 — гоΛотип, 8 — паратип) и C. anisacanthus, гоΛотип, 81,5 мм HL (9), гоΛова, виΔ сбоку. Обозначения: oo — Δиаметр гΛаза, po — посторбитаΛьная ΔΛина. Масштаб: 7 — 20 мм; 8, 9 — 10 мм Figs. 7–9. Coelorinchus idiolepis sp. nov. (7 — holotype, 8 — paratype) and C. anisacanthus, holotype, 81.5 mm HL (9), head, lateral view. Symbols: oo — diameter of eye, po — postorbital length. Scale bars: 7 — 20 mm; 8, 9 — 10 mm
Linking the microarchitecture of neurotransmitter systems to large-scale MEG resting state networks
<p>Information processing and communication in neuronal circuits is enabled by dynamic networks of inter-areal coupling of neuronal oscillations in which hubs play a central role for regulation of communication. Oscillations are shaped by interactions between pyramidal cells and interneurons and are locally influenced by neuromodulatory systems. Here, we set out to investigate how sparial variability in neurotransmitter receptor and transporter density influences frequency-specific large-scale networks of phase-synchrony (PS) and amplitude-correlation (AC) in human magnetoencephalography data. We found that node centrality - indexing which individual brain regions function as hubs - covaried positively with GABA, NMDA, dopaminergic, and most serotonergic receptor and transporter densities in lower frequency bands (delta to low-alpha for PS, and delta for AC) and in the gamma band, but negatively in between. These results establish how local microarchitecture influences large-scale connectivity networks of neuronal oscillations in the human brain in frequency- and spatially-specific patterns.</p>
Informativeness, contingency and time scale invariance in associative learning
<p>Contemporary theories guiding the search for neural mechanisms of learning and memory assume that associative learning results from the temporal pairing of cues and reinforcers resulting in coincident activation of associated neurons, strengthening their synaptic connection. While enduring, this framework has limitations: Temporal-pairing-based models of learning do not fit with many experimental observations and cannot be used to make quantitative predictions about behavior. Here we present behavioral data that supports an alternative, information-theoretic conception: The amount of information that cues provide about the timing of reward delivery predicts behavior. Furthermore, this approach accounts for the rate and depth of both inhibitory and excitatory learning across paradigms and species. We also show that dopamine release in the ventral striatum reflects cue–predicted changes in reinforcement rates consistent with subjects understanding temporal relationships between task events. Our results reshape the conceptual and biological framework for understanding associative learning.<strong><br></strong></p>
Fig. 2 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 2. Cloth wrapping used to cage beech trunk section in 2012 at Gulelebi Forest in Georgia where one part of the scale cohort survival study was conducted.
Fig. 6 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 6. Comparative cumulative day-degrees for Tianeti in the country of Georgia (cum DD GEO) and Windsor, Massachusetts, USA (cum DD MA), each in the years in which phenological observations on beech scale were made at the 2 locations.
Fig. 2 in The abundance of specialist and generalist lepidopteran larvae on a single host plant species: Does spatial scale matter?
Fig. 2. Specialist lepidopteran species on Roupala montana. (A–C) Chlamydastis platyspora: (A) larva, (B) larva inside the shelter, (C) adult; (E–G) Stenoma cathosiota: (E) larva, (F) shelter, (G) adult; (H–J) species of new genus of Depressariidae: (H) larva,(I) shelter, (J) adult; (K–M) Idalus lineosus: (K–L) 6th instar showing variation in color, (M) adult; (N–O) Symmachia hippodice: (N) larva, (O) adult female, (P) adult male; (Q–S) Eomichla sp.: (Q–R) larva inside the shelter, (S) adult.
Fig. 5 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 5. Phenology of life stages of beech scale in Massachusetts (USA) (Notchview Reservation, property of Trustees of Reservations, Windsor, 2013), showing univoltine cycle, with settled crawlers being the overwintering stage.
Fig. 4 in Comparative phenology and cohort survival of beech scale (Hemiptera: Eriococcidae) in part of its native range (Caucasus Mountains, Georgia) and in an invaded area (Massachusetts, USA)
Fig. 4. Phenology of life stages of beech scale in Georgia (Gulelebi Forest, Tianeti District, 2011), showing bivoltine cycle, with adult females being the overwintering stage.
Fig. 1 in The abundance of specialist and generalist lepidopteran larvae on a single host plant species: Does spatial scale matter?
Fig. 1. Locations of the 5 study areas, as follows: A) a map of Brazil, with the coverage area of the Cerrado Biome shaded; B) a map of Goiás State, showing the locations of Parque Estadual dos Pireneus (PEP) and Parque Nacional Chapada dos Veadeiros (PNCV); and C) a map of Distrito Federal (DF), showing the locations of Fazenda Água Limpa (FAL), Parque Nacional de Brasília (PNB), and Jardim Botânico de Brasília (JBB).
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.