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opencc-by-4.0Nov 2020View details →

Segmented lordotic angles to assess lumbosacral transitional vertebra on EOS

Purpose: To test the vertical posterior vertebral angles (VPVA) of the most caudal lumbar segments measured on EOS to identify and classify the lumbosacral transitional vertebra (LSTV). Methods: We reviewed the EOS examinations of 906 patients to measure the VPVA at the most caudal lumbar segment (cVPVA) and at the immediately proximal segment (pVPVA), with dVPVA being the result of their difference. Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, and ROC curve statistics were used. Results: 172/906 patients (19%) had LSTV (112 females, mean age: 43 ± 21 years), and 89/172 had type I LSTV (52%), 42/172 type II (24%), 33/172 type III (19%), and 8/172 type IV (5%). The cVPVA and dVPVA in non-articulated patients were significantly higher than those of patients with LSTV, patients with only accessory articulations, and patients with only bony fusion (all p < .001). The cVPVA and dVPVA in L5 sacralization were significantly higher than in S1 lumbarization (p < .001). The following optimal cutoff was found: cVPVA of 28.2° (AUC = 0.797) and dVPVA of 11.1° (AUC = 0.782) to identify LSTV; cVPVA of 28.2° (AUC = 0.665) and dVPVA of 8° (AUC = 0.718) to identify type II LSTV; cVPVA of 25.5° (AUC = 0.797) and dVPVA of - 7.5° (AUC = 0.831) to identify type III-IV LSTV; cVPVA of 20.4° (AUC = 0.693) and dVPVA of - 1.8° (AUC = 0.665) to differentiate type II from III-IV LSTV; cVPVA of 17.9° (AUC = 0.741) and dVPVA of - 4.5° (AUC = 0.774) to differentiate L5 sacralization from S1 lumbarization. Conclusion: The cVPVA and dVPVA measured on EOS showed good diagnostic performance to identify LSTV, to correctly classify it, and to differentiate L5 sacralization from S1 lumbarization.

opencc-zeroDec 2018View details →

Multi-decadal shifts in fish community diversity across a dynamic biogeographic transition zone

Aim: A 21-year fisheries-independent monitoring dataset was used to explore fish community diversity across a latitudinal gradient to quantify how diversity has changed and relate those changes in diversity to changes in the abiotic environment. Additionally, this study spans a biogeographic transition zone, providing insight into future species assemblages across regions of relatively high species diversity. Location: Indian River Lagoon, Florida, USA Methods: Spatial and temporal beta diversity was quantified latitudinally with "best derived breaks" determined by using chronological cluster analyses. Multiple indices of alpha diversity were quantified, including species richness, Shannon diversity, Simpson diversity, and Pielou's evenness. AIC model selection and environmental fit tests were performed to link patterns of diversity and species assemblages with the abiotic environment. Results: Evidence of a biogeographic transition zone was supported by data spanning the entire study period; the largest break in species assemblage occurred near 28°N. Fine scale analyses using small and large seine catches were noisier than broad analyses but indicated a northern shift in location of the biogeographic transition zone. Beta-diversity was generally dominated by species turnover/balance versus nestedness/gradient components, implying that changes were driven by species sorting associated with the physical environment. Excluding the summation of all environmental variables, temperature and dissolved oxygen best describe patterns of diversity and species composition. Main Conclusions: Over years less affected by disturbances, large and small seine catch data suggest the fish community assemblage and location of the biogeographic transition zone has shifted 9 km and 21 km to the north. If the trends observed in these years were to continue from 1999 until the year 2100, a 111 km to 243 km shift in fish communities could be expected. Variation in rates of movement based on gear type suggest novel species assemblages could ensue.

FIGURE 15 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 15. Geographical distribution of Liogenys new species occurring in the STZ and its boundaries: A) general, B, C) detail. Image legend: shaped points: new species; colors: provinces of Neotropical, South American Transition Zone (STZ), and Andean regions.

FIGURE 14 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 14. Geographical distribution of known Liogenys species occurring in the STZ and its boundaries: A) general, B, C, D) detail. Image legend: shaped points: already known species; colors: provinces of Neotropical, South American Transition Zone (STZ), and Andean regions.

FIGURE 11 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 11. Dimorphism in clypeus. Liogenys flaveola Moser, 1924: A) male, B) female; L. flavida Moser, 1918: C) male, D) female; L. kuntzeni Moser, 1921: E) male, F) female; L. rufoflava Moser, 1918: G) male, H) female.

FIGURE 9. Liogenys rufoflava Moser, 1918 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 9. Liogenys rufoflava Moser, 1918, male lectotype views: A) dorsal, B) labels, C) clypeus and pronotum, D) lateral, E) pygidium, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

FIGURE 13 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 13. Liogenys maxillaricuspis Cherman, new species: A) head in ventral view, C) labium, G) right maxilla; L. brachyclypeata Cherman, new species: B) head in ventral view, D) labium; L. calcarata Frey, 1970: E) left maxilla; L. xanthocera Harold, 1869: F) right maxilla. Legends: A, B) CLP: clypeus, LBM: labium, LBR: labrum, MXL: maxilla, MXLP: maxillary palp. C, D) LGL: ligula, LPLP: labial palp, MTM: mentum, PMTM: postmentum.

FIGURE 8 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 8. Liogenys maxillaricuspis Cherman, new species, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) variation of clypeus, D) lateral, E) pygidium, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) dorsolateral, H) arrows indicating variations in shape, I) lateral.

FIGURE 6 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 6. Liogenys lucialmeidae Cherman, new species, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) pygidium, D) lateral, E) meso- and metatibiae, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) dorsolateral, H) lateral.

FIGURE 5. Liogenys kuntzeni Moser, 1921 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 5. Liogenys kuntzeni Moser, 1921, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) pygidium, D) lateral, E) meso- and metatibia, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

FIGURE 4. Liogenys flavida Moser, 1918 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 4. Liogenys flavida Moser, 1918, male lectotype views: A) dorsal, B) labels, C) lateral, D) frontal, E) pygidium, F) clypeus, and parameres views: G) dorsal, H) lateral.

FIGURE 3. Liogenys flaveola Moser, 1924 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 3. Liogenys flaveola Moser, 1924, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) pygidium, D) lateral, E) metatibia, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

FIGURE 2. Liogenys calcarata Frey, 1970 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 2. Liogenys calcarata Frey, 1970, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) pygidium, D) lateral, E) metatibia, black arrow indicating short, modified spur, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

FIGURE 1 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 1. Liogenys brachyclypeata Cherman, new species, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) frontal, D) lateral, E) pygidium, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

FIGURE 7 in Liogenys Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Melolonthinae) from the southern South American Transition Zone and boundaries: taxonomic overview with four new species

FIGURE 7. Liogenys martinezi Cherman, new species, male holotype views: A) dorsal, B) clypeus and pronotum, C) pygidium, D) lateral, E) detail of pruinose elytron, and parameres views: F) dorsal, G) lateral.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2021View details →

Research data for "Origins of structural and electronic transitions in disordered silicon"

This is a dataset related to the publication "Origins of structural and electronic transitions in disordered silicon" (Nature 2021, 589, 59–64). The paper is available online here: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-03072-z. Three separate .tar.gz archive files are provided: <ul> <li>"coordinates": structural data in (extended) XYZ format including atomic information</li> <li>"ML_DOS_data": original data for the electronic DOS analysis (Fig. 3)</li> <li>"other_potentials": tests with further ML potential models (as described in the Methods section)</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroDec 2019View details →

Transitions in paternal social status predict patterns of offspring growth and metabolic transcription

Parental effects occur when changes in the parental phenotype or environment cause changes to offspring phenotype. While some parental effects are triggered in response to an environmental cue in a time-locked fashion, other parental effects persist even after the cue has been removed, suggesting multiple timescales of action. For parental effects to serve as reliable signals of current environmental conditions, they should be reversible, such that when the cue changes, offspring phenotypes change in accordance. Social hierarchy is a prevalent feature of the environment, and current parental social status could signal the environment in which offspring will be born. Here, we sought to address parental effects of social status and their timescale of action in mice. We show that competition in seminatural environments affects offspring growth rate. Although dominant males are not heavier than nondominant or control males, they produce faster growing offspring, particularly sons. The timing, effect-size, and sex-specificity of this association are modulated by maternal social experience. We show that a change in paternal social status is sufficient to modulate offspring weight: from one breeding cycle to the next, status-ascending males produce heavier sons than before, and status-descending males produce lighter sons than before. Current paternal status is also highly predictive of liver transcription in sons, including molecular pathways controlling oxidative phosphorylation and iron metabolism. These results are consistent with a parental effect of social experience, although alternative explanations are considered. In summary, changes in paternal social status are associated with changes in offspring growth and metabolism.

opencc-zeroDec 2017View details →

Data from: Can novel pest outbreaks drive ecosystem transitions in northern-boreal birch forest?

1. The boreal biome exhibits distinct alternative ecosystem states with high and low levels of tree-cover. Insect outbreaks facilitated by climate warming could potentially drive transitions from high to low tree-cover states. We investigated whether two key premises for such outbreak-induced transitions – critical thresholds (tipping points) and positive feedbacks that could maintain alternative states – are present in the northern-boreal mountain birch forest of Fennoscandia. Here, climate warming has promoted range expansions of defoliating geometrid moths, resulting in novel, severe multispecies outbreaks, most recently during 2002-2010. 2. We conducted regional-scale field surveys of forest damage and recovery in 280 mountain birch stands in a northeast Norway immediately after the outbreak (2010) and six years later (2016). Satellite-derived time series of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) provided an index of stand defoliation during the outbreak period. 3. The proportion of dead stems per stand displayed a bimodal distribution, with stands generally being either lightly or severely damaged. This was due to a critical threshold in the relationship between defoliation and stem mortality, with mortality rates increasing abruptly in stands experiencing a mean drop in NDVI of more than 4 % during the outbreak. The two key forest regenerative pathways – basal sprouting and sapling production – both displayed positive feedbacks with surviving stems and trees, so that regeneration success declined with increasing damage to the mature tree layer. These feedbacks imply that stands which have been forced across critical defoliation thresholds and suffered collapses of living tree cover may struggle to recover, especially if the loss of positive regenerative feedbacks is compounded by ungulate browsing on birch recruits. 4. Synthesis. The north Fennoscandian mountain birch forest displays critical thresholds and positive feedbacks that conform to theoretical expectations for a system that could be vulnerable to abrupt and persistent changes of state in the face of novel, climatically facilitated insect outbreaks. These findings deepen the understanding of the persistent losses of tree-cover that have occasionally been observed after outbreaks in this system in the past, and adds to the list of mechanisms that could help explain the bistability of tree-cover across the boreal biome.

opencc-zeroDec 2016View details →

Data from: Consequences of grazer-induced vegetation transitions on ecosystem carbon storage in the tundra

1. Large herbivores can control plant community composition and, under certain conditions, even induce vegetation shifts to alternative ecosystem states. As different plant assemblages maintain contrasting carbon (C) cycling patterns, herbivores have the potential to alter C sequestration at regional scales. Their influence is of particular interest in the Arctic tundra, where a large share of the world's soil C reservoir is stored. 2. We analysed how grazing mammals influence tundra vegetation and how grazer-induced vegetation shifts affect tundra C stocks, by resampling two sites located along pasture rotation fences in northern Norway. These fences have separated lightly grazed areas from heavily grazed areas (in close proximity to the fences) and moderately grazed areas (further away from the fences) for the past 50 years. 14 years earlier, the lightly and moderately grazed areas were dominated by dwarf shrubs, whereas heavy grazing had promoted the establishment of graminoid-dominated vegetation. Since then, both reindeer densities and temperatures have increased, and more time has passed for transient dynamics to be expressed. We expected that the vegetation and C stocks would have changed under all grazing intensities, but not necessarily in the same way. 3. At the site where relative reindeer numbers and trampling intensity had increased the most, graminoid-dominated vegetation was now also found in the moderately grazed area. At the other site, the dominant vegetation types under all grazing intensities were the same as 14 years earlier. 4. We show that the heavily grazed, graminoid-dominated, areas stored less C aboveground than the lightly grazed, shrub-dominated, areas. Yet, the belowground consequences of grazing-induced grassification varied between the sites: Grazing did not alter organic soil C stocks at the site where both evergreen and deciduous shrubs were abundant in the lightly grazed area, whereas heavy grazing increased organic soil C stocks at the site where the deciduous shrub Betula nana was dominant. 5. Our results indicate that despite the negative impacts of grazers on aboveground C storage, their impact on belowground C may even be positive. We suggest that the site-specific responses of organic soil C stocks to grazing could be explained by the differences in vegetation under light grazing. This would imply that the replacement of deciduous shrubs by graminoids, as a consequence of grazing, could be beneficial for C sequestration in tundra soils.