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opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data from: Chimpanzee communities differ in their inter- and intrasexual social relationships

Male and female human social bonding strategies are both culturally and genetically shaped. Chimpanzees, our phylogenetically joint closest living relatives, exhibit complex social structures and show impressive cultural diversity. Whether chimpanzee male and female bonding patterns are culturally shaped remains unclear. Studies of wild chimpanzees bonding across sex show that in some communities males show strong bonds with other males, whereas in others females form particularly strong intra-sex bonds. This suggests that there may be cultural variation in chimpanzee social bonding patterns, but excluding genetic or ecological explanations when comparing different wild populations is difficult. Here, we applied social network analysis to examine male and female social bonds in two neighbouring semi-wild chimpanzee groups of comparable ecological conditions and subspecies compositions, but that differ in demographic makeup. Results showed differences in bonding strategies across the two groups. While female-female proximity associations were significantly stronger in Group 1 (which had an even distribution of males and females) than Group 2 (which had a higher proportion of females than males), there were no such differences for male-male or male-female associations. Conversely, female-female grooming bonds were stronger in Group 2 than Group 1. We also found that, in line with captive studies but contrasting research with wild chimpanzees, maternal kinship strongly predicted proximity and grooming patterns across the groups. Our findings suggest that, as with humans, male and female chimpanzee social bonds are influenced by the specific social group they live in, rather than predisposed sex-based bonding strategies.

Data and code for Host and pathogen drivers of infection-induced changes in social aggregation behavior

Raw data and R code  DistanceInds.xlsx contains pairwise distances between pairs of flies, measured within groups of 12 every 30 mins for 4 hours post-infection with one of four bacterial pathogens, at either a low or high dose.  NND-Boyle.csv contains nearest-neighbor distances between pairs of flies, measured within groups of 12 following infections with Pseudomonas entomophila.

Replication package for: Economic and Social Outsiders but Political Insiders: Sweden's Populist Radical Right

This package contains all the code necessary to replicate the figures and tables in Dal Bo, E., F. Finan, O. Folke, T. Persson, and J. Rickne (forthcoming). "Economic and Social Outsiders but Political Insiders: Sweden's Populist Radical Right", Review of Economic Studies. Detailed instructions are also given about how to access the underlying data.

Understanding Cultural Information Flow: A Qualitative study of a small social group

This study uses qualitative data to explore closely adoption and onward transmission. Interview data were collected in relation to housework regarding the perceived behaviour of participants’ parents, of themselves, and of their (grand)children (N=14). Observational data was also collected from the members of one of the families for triangulation purposes. Following the six-phase process of thematic analysis, we extracted three main themes: individual learning, horizontal transmission, and vertical transmission. While only few instances were categorised as ‘individual learning’, the instances of horizontal and vertical transmission were numerous, and included the transmission of dichotomous traits. Thus, we explored why some cultural variants outcompete others and how certain learning and teaching mechanisms lead to increased stability and longevity. Vertical congruence was observed during the transmission of a dichotomous cultural trait: transmitters who acquired two variants of the same trait (one horizontally and one vertically) chose to vertically transmit onward to learners – i.e., their (grand)children – the variant which they had previously acquired vertically (i.e., from their own parents or grandparents), even if they exhibited both variants themselves. Horizontal congruence was observed even in sibling-to-sibling transmission, as the transmitter (older sibling) transmitted onward to the learner (younger sibling) the cultural variants which he/she had previously acquired from a peer (even if these were in competition with vertically acquired alternatives). Finally, we discuss the effects of the mother/wife-transmitter, who can weaken the effects of the vertical-congruence effect in the case of her spouse and enhance them in the case of their children.

Overview: GERMAN LANGUAGE OER FOR SOCIAL SCIENCE METHODS EDUCATION

This document contains the corpus of identified OER as well as OER-like on social science research methods in the German language and the used codes to classify the identified resources. This document is provided for secondary use as well as expansion and revision. The collection and classification of the corresponding OER and OER-like was last updated in August 2021 and has to be discussed accordingly. OER and OER-like that were created later or were offline during data collection are not included. The codings provided are only covering content-based aspects and not feature e.g. like license framework or opportunity to comment and discuss.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Responsabilidad Social Corporativa y la Ley de la Sociedad de Beneficio e Interés Colectivo - Comisión de Derecho Ambiental de la Sociedad Peruana de Derecho

Webinar expuesto en el evento Sociedades BIC, Instrumentos para alcanzar los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible. En él se abordaron aspectos básicos como la definición de desarrollo sostenible, el concepto de responsabilidad social corporativa y la generación de valor compartido, así como la vinculación de estos elementos con la Ley de la Sociedad de Beneficio e Interés Colectivo.

Beyond sex and aggression: Testosterone rapidly matches behavioral responses to social context and tries to predict the future

Although androgens are widely studied in the context of aggression, androgenic influences on prosocial behaviors have been less explored. We examined testosterone's (T) influence on prosocial and aggressive responses in a positively-valenced social context (interacting with a pairbond partner) and a negatively-valenced context (interacting with an intruder) in socially monogamous Mongolian gerbils. T increased and decreased prosocial responses in the same individuals towards a pairbond partner and an intruder, respectively, both within 30 minutes, but did not affect aggression. T also had persistent effects on prosocial behavior; males in which T initially increased prosocial responses towards a partner continued to exhibit elevated prosocial responses towards an intruder male days later until a second T injection rapidly eliminated those responses. Thus, T surges can rapidly match behavior to current social context, as well as prime animals for positive social interactions in the future. Neuroanatomically, T rapidly increased hypothalamic oxytocin, but not vasopressin, cellular responses during interactions with a partner. Together, our results indicate that T can facilitate and inhibit prosocial behaviors depending on social context, that it can influence prosocial responses across rapid and prolonged time scales, and that it affects oxytocin signaling mechanisms that could mediate its context-dependent behavioral influences.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Searching for Information on Social Media - An OER on information literacy

This open educational resource video offers digital immigrants and strangers the skills to find authoritative information on social media. With a focus on the ACRL's information literacy framework threshold concepts of "Authority is contextual and constructed" and "Information has value". It is intended for use and re-use in information literacy educational contexts. We have included the video file, a transcript and the slides used to make the OER. This video was made with PowerPoint with final editing touches in DaVinci Resolve 16.

opencc-by-4.0Feb 2022View details →

An analytical framework to measure social return of community-supported agriculture

Figures of the case studies (original data from CSA websites and staff interviews)

Effects of social organisation and elevation on spatial genetic structure in a montane ant

Studying patterns of population structure across the landscape sheds light on dispersal and demographic processes, which helps to inform conservation decisions. Here, we study how social organisation and landscape factors affect spatial patterns of genetic differentiation in an ant species living in mountainous regions. Using genome-wide SNP markers, we assess population structure in the Alpine silver ant, Formica selysi. This species has two social forms controlled by a supergene. The monogyne form has one queen per colony, while the polygyne form has multiple queens per colony. The two social forms co-occur in the same populations. For both social forms, we found a strong pattern of isolation-by-distance across the Alps. Within regions, genetic differentiation between populations was weaker for the monogyne form than for the polygyne form. We suggest that this pattern is due to higher dispersal and effective population sizes in the monogyne form. In addition, we found stronger isolation-by-distance and lower genetic diversity in high elevation populations, compared to lowland populations, suggesting that gene flow between F. selysi populations in the Alps occurs mostly through riparian corridors along lowland valleys. Overall, this survey highlights the need to consider intraspecific polymorphisms when assessing population connectivity and calls for special attention to the conservation of lowland habitats in mountain regions.

Six-month stability of individual differences in sports coaches' burnout, self-compassion and social support

Using a three-wave prospective cross-lagged panel design, the study examined the six-month stability of burnout, self-compassion, and social support among sports coaches in terms of measurement invariance, mean-level change, rank-order stability, and structural stability. The participating coaches (N = 422; Mage = 44.48, SD = 11.03) completed an online questionnaire measuring self-compassion, social support, coach burnout, and demographics at baseline and two follow-ups at three months and six months. The various forms of stability were assessed using structural equation modeling. There was no significant mean-level change in burnout, self-compassion, or social support, and all three constructs exhibited measurement invariance. Rank-order stability remained relatively high, ranging from 0.78 to 0.94 across the three time points. For all three constructs, covariances between latent factors were invariant over time, indicating high structural stability. While self-compassion and social support were positively related, both were negatively related to coach burnout. These results confirm the importance of preventing and addressing symptoms of burnout, low self-compassion, and poor social support in sports settings.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

Gerenciamento e Proteção do Serviço de Autenticação Adaptativa Social para Ambientes IoT Contra Ataques de Difamação - Dataset

The IoT devices usually have limited computational, energetic and communication capabilities, and also they have to deal with  challenges related to security and communication reliability. The IoT network employs authentication in order to maintain its security and the diversity of authentication mechanisms derived from the heterogeneity of the network has led to emergence of adaptive authentication systems. These systems resort to input factors in order to determine autonomously the suitable mechanism for a specific situation. However, current adaptive authentication approaches are not suitable for ad hoc networks, since they restrict themselves in using one input factor, such as context, and do not take into account other factors of the devices it interacts. In addition, they employ techniques that are not suitable to the devices processing restrictions. This master thesis investigated the benefits come from social perception, derived from the Social Internet of Things paradigm (SIoT), as adaptation factor in order to exchange services among IoT devices according to context compatibility. Thus, it is presented the GALENA system (manaGement of Adaptive authentication based on poLiciEs aNd sociAl trust), which decides the suitable authentication mechanism to apply in authentication procedures in IoT devices. The system address the devices’ computational restrictions employing policies that dictates the need for adaptation. Moreover, in order to prevent malicious behaviour aimed at the social recommendations exchanged, such as the badmouthing attack that seeks to diminish the trust over a device, GALENA employs Data Provenance techniques to authenticate the source of the recommendation. Thus, it is able to discard manipulated recommendations that aim to defame other devices. GALENA was evaluated through simulations in NS-3 and the results demonstrate its efficiency in adapting and selecting the suitable authentication mechanism each interaction. According to the research data, the system achieved a compatibility rate of 97% in an IoT network with 200 devices and 98% in one with 400 devices, with trust accuracy of 64% in both configurations. It also achieved a detection rate of the badmouthing attack up to 90,62% with 200 devices and up to 74,76% with 400 devices, with an detection accuracy of 91% and of 79% respectively. Further, the system reached a low false negative rate, around 10% with 200 devices and 31% with 400 devices.

Responses of a resident group to an outsider in the blue-breasted quail: a paradigm for studying social resettlement of dispersers

Dispersal is an individual life history trait that can influence the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of both the source and recipient populations. Current studies of animal dispersal have paid little attention to how the responses of residents in a recipient population affect the social resettlement of dispersers into a new habitat. We addressed this question in the blue-breasted quail Synoicus chinensis by designing an outsider introduction experiment to simulate a scenario of interaction between residents and dispersers. In the experiment, we introduced an unfamiliar quail into a group of three differently ranked residents and then examined their behavioral responses to the arrival of the outsider. We found that all residents made negative responses by pecking at the outsider to maintain their pecking order, in which high-ranked residents displayed significantly greater intensity than those of lower ranks. This result highlighted that adverse behavioral responses of residents would prevent outsiders from obtaining hierarchical dominance in the recipient group. Moreover, the residents' sex ratio, their relative ages to the outsiders, and whether outsiders counter-pecked at the residents all influenced the probability of outsiders prevailing against the residents. Those outsiders that displayed counter-peck courage were more likely to gain higher dominance and hence resettle into the recipient group successfully. Our findings suggest that resident groups may impose a selection among dispersers via adverse behavioral responses. Therefore, social factors that can influence the resettlement step of dispersers in a new habitat should be accounted for in future studies of animal dispersal.

Social evolution of shared biofilm matrix components

Biofilm formation is an important and ubiquitous mode of growth among bacteria. Central to the evolutionary advantage of biofilm formation is cell-cell and cell-surface adhesion achieved by a variety of factors, some of which are diffusible compounds that may operate as classical public goods – factors that are costly to produce but may benefit other cells. An outstanding question is how diffusible matrix production, in general, can be stable over evolutionary timescales. In this work, using Vibrio cholerae as a model, we show that shared diffusible biofilm matrix proteins are indeed susceptible to cheater exploitation, and that the evolutionary stability of producing these matrix components fundamentally depends on biofilm spatial structure, intrinsic sharing mechanisms of these components, and flow conditions in the environment. We further show that exploitation of diffusible adhesion proteins is localized within a well-defined spatial range around cell clusters that produce them. Based on this exploitation range and the spatial distribution of cell clusters, we construct a model of costly diffusible matrix production and relate these length scales to the relatedness coefficient in social evolution theory. Our results show that production of diffusible biofilm matrix components is evolutionarily stable under conditions consistent with natural biofilm habitats and host environments. We expect the mechanisms revealed in this study to be relevant to other secreted factors that operate as cooperative public goods in bacterial communities, and the concept of exploitation range and the associated analysis tools to be generally applicable.

European badger (Meles meles) responses to low-intensity, selective culling: using mark recapture and relatedness data to assess social perturbation

Culling the main wildlife host of bovine tuberculosis in Great Britain (GB) and Ireland, the European badger (Meles meles) to reduce infections in cattle, has been employed in both territories. In GB, this has been controversial, with results suggesting that culling induces disturbance to badger social structure, facilitating wider disease dissemination. Previous analyses hypothesized that even very low-level, selective culling may cause similar deleterious effects by increasing ranging of individuals and greater mixing between social-groups. To assess this hypothesis, a novel, prospective, landscape-scale 'before-and-after' Test and vaccinate or remove (TVR) study was implemented. Test-positive badgers were culled and test-negative badgers were BCG vaccinated and released. Mark-recapture metrics of badger ranging and genetic metrics of social group relatedness did not change significantly over the study period. However, selective culling was associated with a localised reduction in social-group relatedness in culled groups. Synthesis and application: Ecological context is important; extrapolation across territories and other disease epidemiological-systems (epi-systems) is likely to be challenging. However, we demonstrate that small-scale, selective removal of test-positive badgers was not associated with metrics of increased ranging but was associated with localised changes in social-group relatedness. This adds to the evidence base on badger control options for policy makers.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

Provenance Data for "Simulation Studies of Social Systems - Telling the Story Based on Provenance"

This repository contains the provenance graph for the paper "Simulation Studies of Social Systems – Telling the Story Based on Provenance" by Oliver Reinhardt, Toby Prike, Martin Hinsch, Jakub Bijak, Adelinde M. Uhrmacher. The data may be imported into <a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6786191">WebProv</a> to display and edit the provenance graph.

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2022View details →

Place re-making and sense of place after quarrying and social-ecological restoration - dataset

The dataset provides coded input data for the study "Place re-making and sense of place after quarrying and social-ecological restoration". In this study, we examine how people’s place making and sense of place are reconfigured through quarrying. We investigate perceptions of sense of place after quarrying and social-ecological restoration in a limestone region of the Czech Karst in the Czech Republic. The dataset contains the result of our survey of 400 participants - visitors to the PLA Czech Karst who visited one of the eight study quarries and were questioned in the quarry. When selecting participants for our study, purposive sampling was applied to receive a gender-balanced sample of participants of various ages. We used a paper questionnaire suitable for the data collection directly in the field. The questionnaire was anonymous.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Data from: Improving governance outcomes for water quality: insights from participatory social network analysis for chalk stream catchments in England

Globally important chalk streams in England are in poor ecological health, in part due to inadequate water quality. Addressing this issue requires an understanding of the governance systems that surround water quality. The complexity and uncertainty inherent in hydrological systems has led to the emergence of integrated and adaptive forms of governance. In these multi-actor governance systems, the structure of the relationships between actors (the social network) has been shown to affect governance processes and outcomes. Using participatory social network analysis, we mapped and analysed the social networks for the River Test and River Itchen in Hampshire, UK, to identify actors and their roles, determine the network characteristics, and identify interventions to improve governance. Although the results suggest a well connected network of actors from the state, private sector and civil society, we find that decision making is not decentralised. Bureaucratic governance by central state actors dominates. However, trust in these central state actors and private actors in the networks is low, which undermines collaboration and co-ordination in the network. Devolving authority to local actors, building trust in the networks, and improving connections to important actors could help to improve governance outcomes for water quality.

opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Call combinations in chimpanzees: a social tool?

A growing body of evidence suggests the capacity for animals to combine calls into larger communicative structures is more common than previously assumed. Despite its cross-taxa prevalence, little is known regarding the evolutionary pressures driving such combinatorial abilities. One dominant hypothesis posits that social complexity and vocal complexity are linked, with changes in social structuring (e.g. group size) driving the emergence of ever-more complex vocal abilities, such as call sequencing. In this paper, we tested this hypothesis through investigating combinatoriality in the vocal system of the highly social chimpanzee. Specifically, we predicted combinatoriality to be more common in socially-driven contexts and in females and lower-ranked males (socially challenging contexts and socially challenged individuals respectively). Firstly, through applying methods from computational linguistics (i.e. collocation analyses), we built an objective repertoire of combinatorial structures in this species. Second, we investigated what potential factors influenced call combination production. We show that combinatoriality is predominant in i) social contexts vs. non-social contexts, ii) females vs. males and iii) negatively correlates with male rank. Together, these results suggest one function of combinatoriality in chimpanzees may be to help individuals navigate their dynamic social world. More generally, we argue these findings provide support for the hypothesised link between social and vocal complexity and can provide insight into the evolution of our own highly combinatorial communication system, language.