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3,136 results for “Terrestrialization”
The role of body mass in limiting post heat-coma recovery ability in terrestrial ectotherms
<p>Under global warming, animal species show shrinking body size responses to heat, cascading into deep changes in community structure and ecosystem functions. Although the exact physiological mechanism behind this phenomenon remains unsolved, smaller individuals are expected to benefit from warming climate conditions more than larger ones.</p> <p>Heat-coma, a physiological state with severe consequences on locomotion ability, is often considered an "ecological death" scenario under which individuals are unable to escape and are exposed to predation, further heat injury, and other hazards. Species are expected to increasingly encounter heat-coma temperature thresholds under warming, and body size may be an important trait for thermoregulation in particular for ectotherms. The relationship between heat-coma and shrinking body size, however, remains unclear. Yet, recovery after short-term heat-coma is possible, and little is known about its importance in thermal adaptation and how organismal size changes respond to post heat-coma recovery.</p> <p>Here, we used ants, a classic model in ecophysiology, and first set an <em>in situ</em> experiment to examine the fate of heat-comatose individuals under field conditions to understand associated benefits of post heat-coma recovery. Then we quantified ants' recovery ability after heat-coma using a coma-inducing dynamic thermal assay and asked if thermal resilience varies between species with different body mass.</p> <p>Our results confirm that heat-coma represents an inherent ecological death with recovery after heat coma limiting predator capture. Additionally, following phylogenetic signals inclusion, organisms with small mass were more likely to recover, supporting the temperature-size rule and of recent studies supporting a decrease in body size composition of ectotherm community under warmer climatic conditions. Body size as a fundamental trait in ecology thus affects ectotherm survival in extreme hot conditions, with our findings suggesting how temperature stress could ultimately affect species' body size and community composition.</p>
Effects of land use and climate change on functional and phylogenetic diversity of terrestrial vertebrates in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot
<p>Aim: Land use and climate change interact to impact functional and phylogenetic diversity globally, but this pattern is largely unknown in the eastern Himalayas. We aim to discern the response of community diversity and structure of terrestrial mammals and birds to anthropogenic land use and climate change in this hitherto understudied landscape. Location: Himalayan biodiversity hotspot, Bhutan</p> <p>Methods: We used camera trap and point-count transect data to estimate taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity while accounting for detectability. We calculated the abundance-weighted standardised effect sizes (ses) of mean pairwise distance and mean nearest taxon distance. The ses metrics were regressed against land use (agriculture and forest) and climate (temperature and precipitation) variables using linear mixed effect models.</p> <p>Results: Community diversity declined with agriculture in both groups. Mammal diversity was higher farther from the settlement but birds remained indifferent. Temperature and precipitation were positively associated with mammal diversity, but birds displayed a mixed response: negative with temperature and positive with precipitation. Agriculture had a strong negative effect on the functional structure of birds but not mammals. The functional and phylogenetic structure declined farther from the settlement for mammals but increased for birds. Except for the functional structure, all other metrics increased with temperature and precipitation for mammals. Except for the positive relationship between functional structure and temperature, other metrics showed a mixed response to climate in birds. </p> <p>Main conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that land use rather than climate has an imminent effect in shaping local and regional patterns of terrestrial vertebrate diversity in a Himalayan biodiversity hotspot. Climate effects, although weak, may reduce functional traits and consequently diminish functional roles. Species that can persist in human-modified environments are clustered within a phylogeny, suggesting possible loss of phylogenetic diversity.</p>
Non-contact measurement of a free flying bumblebee's (Bombus terrestris) electrical potential as it approaches and leaves a fixed electrode
<p>With increasing evidence of electroreception in terrestrial arthropods, understanding receptor level processes is vital to appreciating the capabilities and limits of this sense. Here, we examine the spatio-temporal sensitivity of mechanoreceptive filiform hairs in detecting electrical fields. We first present empirical data, highlighting the time-varying characteristics of biological electrical signals. We then explore how electrically sensitive hairs may respond to such stimuli.</p> <p>The main findings are: 1) oscillatory signals (elicited by wingbeats) influence the spatial sensitivity of hairs, unveiling an inextricable spatio-temporal link; 2) wingbeat direction modulates spatial sensitivity; 3) electrical wingbeats can be approximated by sinusoidally modulated DC signals; and 4) for a moving point charge, maximum sensitivity occurs at a faster timescale than a hair's frequency-based tuning. </p> <p>Our results show that electro-mechanical sensory hairs may capture different spatio-temporal information, depending on an object's movement and wingbeat and in comparison, to aero-acoustic stimuli. Crucially, we suggest that electrostatic and aero-acoustic signals may provide distinguishable channels of information for arthropods.</p> <p>Given the pervasiveness of electric fields in nature, our results suggest further study to understand electrostatics in the ecology of arthropods and to reveal unknown ecological relationships and novel interactions between species.</p>
Early onset of urea synthesis and ammonia detoxification pathways in three terrestrially developing frogs
<p>Frogs evolved terrestrial development multiple times, necessitating mechanisms to avoid ammonia toxicity at early stages. Urea synthesis from ammonia is a key adaptation that reduces water dependence after metamorphosis. We tested for early expression and plasticity of enzymatic mechanisms of ammonia detoxification in three terrestrial-breeding frogs: foam-nest-dwelling larvae of <em>Leptodactylus fragilis </em>(Lf) and arboreal embryos of <em>Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni</em> (Hf) and <em>Agalychnis callidryas</em> (Ac). Activity of two ornithine-urea cycle (OUC) enzymes, arginase and CPSase 1, and levels of their products urea and CP in tissues were high in Lf regardless of nest hydration but reduced in experimental low- vs. high-ammonia environments. High OUC activity in wet and dry nests, comparable to that under experimental high ammonia, suggests terrestrial Lf larvae maintain high capacity for urea excretion regardless of their immediate risk of ammonia toxicity. This may aid survival through unpredictably long waiting periods before rain enables their transition to water. Moderate levels of urea and CP were present in Hf and Ac tissues and enzymatic activities were lower than in Lf. In both species, embryos in drying clutches can hatch and enter the water early, behaviorally avoiding ammonia toxicity. Moreover, glutamine synthetase is active in early stages of all three species, condensing ammonia and glutamate to glutamine as another mechanism of detoxification. Enzyme activity appeared highest in Lf, although substrate and product levels were higher in Ac and Lf. Our results reveal that multiple biochemical mechanisms of ammonia detoxification occur in early life stages of anuran lineages that evolved terrestrial development.</p>
Mountaintop gamma ray observations of three terrestrial gamma-ray flashes at the Säntis Tower, Switzerland with coincident radio waveforms
<p>We report on the mountain top observation of three terrestrial gamma-ray flashes (TGFs) that occurred during the summer storm season of 2021. To our knowledge, these are the first TGFs observed in a mountaintop environment and the first published European TGFs observed from the ground. A gamma-ray sensitive detector was located at the base of the Säntis Tower in Switzerland and observed three unique TGF events with coincident radio sferic data characteristic of TGFs seen from space. We will show an example of a 'slow pulse' radio signature, an -EIP, and a double peak TGF associated with an extraordinarily powerful and complicated positive-polarity sferic, where each TGF peak is possibly preceded by a short burst of stepped leader emission. </p>
Project BioDyn: compilation of long-term (>20yrs) community timeseries data from terrestrial and freshwater realms
<p>The given dataset was compiled for n=2668 communities (242 study IDs in total, see the metadata file) across terrestrial and freshwater realms (terrestrial birds: n=1259, invertebrates: n=124, plants: n=435, and mammals: n=136, freshwater fish: n=587, invertebrates: n=112, and phytoplankton: n=15). Community timeseries include species-level abundance (or biomass in 15% of cases) and a minimum of 20 years sampled. We have compiled this data and used it for the first time to analyze how community stability and its drivers (species richness, overall synchrony, and tail-dependent synchrony) would differ across realms.</p>
Data from: Paleoenvironments shaped the exchange of terrestrial vertebrates across Wallace's Line
<p><span>Faunal turnover in Indo-Australia across Wallace's Line is one of the most recognizable patterns in biogeography and has catalyzed debate about the role of evolutionary and geoclimatic history in biotic interchanges. Here, analysis of over 20,000 vertebrate species with a model of geoclimate and biological diversification shows that broad precipitation tolerance and dispersal ability were key for exchange across the deep-time precipitation gradient spanning the region. Sundanian (Southeast Asian) lineages evolved in a climate similar to the humid 'stepping stones' of Wallacea, facilitating colonization of the Sahulian (Australian) continental shelf. In contrast, Sahulian lineages predominantly evolved in drier conditions, hampering establishment in Sunda, and shaping faunal distinctiveness. We demonstrate how the history of adaptation to past environmental conditions shapes asymmetrical colonization and global biogeographic structure. </span><span>Faunal turnover in Indo-Australia across Wallace's Line is one of the most recognizable patterns in biogeography and has catalyzed debate about the role of evolutionary and geoclimatic history in biotic interchanges. Here, analysis of over 20,000 vertebrate species with a model of geoclimate and biological diversification shows that broad precipitation tolerance and dispersal ability were key for exchange across the deep-time precipitation gradient spanning the region. Sundanian (Southeast Asian) lineages evolved in a climate similar to the humid 'stepping stones' of Wallacea, facilitating colonization of the Sahulian (Australian) continental shelf. In contrast, Sahulian lineages predominantly evolved in drier conditions, hampering establishment in Sunda, and shaping faunal distinctiveness. We demonstrate how the history of adaptation to past environmental conditions shapes asymmetrical colonization and global biogeographic structure.</span></p>
Simulations for impacts of large-scale Saharan solar farms on the global terrestrial carbon cycle
<p>Four experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of a large scale Saharan solar farm on the global carbon cycle. Here a fully coupled Earth System model (ESM) EC-Earth was used to investigate the impact of a Saharan solar farm on the terrestrial carbon cycle, simulated with prescribed reduced surface albedo approximating the albedo effect of Photovoltaic (PV) solar panels over the Sahara desert. These experiments considered solar panel coverage at 5, 20 or 50% of a region of the Sahara Desert. The dataset contains selected output data from the simulations. Simulations were run for 200 years. The last 60 years were used for analysis after the model reached an equilibrium. </p> <p>The dataset contains Earth system model results from EC-Earth3 presented in the study by Power et al. (2023).</p>
A new cryptic species of terrestrial breeding frog of the Pristimantis danae Group (Anura: Strabomantidae) from montane forests in Ayacucho, Peru.
<p>File 1: Genetic distances rRNA 16S (p-uncorrected genetic distances) in Mega11. Excel file. For a description of a new species (<em>Pristimantis similaris</em>) in the publication Herrera-Alva et al. 2023.</p> <p>File 2: Alignment of four concatenated genes 16S rRNA, COI, RAG1, and TYR. Fasta file. For a description of a new species (<em>Pristimantis similaris</em>) in the publication Herrera-Alva et al. 2023.</p>
Fig. 1 in Integrative description of Paramacrobiotus bengalensis sp. nov. (Tardigrada: Eutardigrada: Macrobiotidae), a new limno-terrestrial tardigrade species from the state of West Bengal, India
Fig. 1. Type locality of the new taxa (marked with red square).
Speciation across the Earth driven by global cooling in terrestrial Orchids
<p>Although climate change has been implicated as a major catalyst of diversification, its effects are thought to be inconsistent and much less pervasive than localized climate or the accumulation of species with time. Focused analyses of highly speciose clades are needed in order to disentangle the consequences of climate change, geography, and time. Here, we show that global cooling shapes the biodiversity of terrestrial orchids. Using a phylogeny of 1,475 species of Orchidoideae, the largest terrestrial orchid subfamily, we find that speciation rate is dependent on historic global cooling, not time, tropical distributions, elevation, variation in chromosome number, or other types of historic climate change. Relative to the gradual accumulation of species with time, models specifying speciation driven by historic global cooling are over 700 times more likely. Evidence ratios estimated for 212 other plant and animal groups reveal that terrestrial orchids represent one of the best-supported cases of temperature-spurred speciation yet reported. Employing >2.5 million georeferenced records, we find that global cooling drove contemporaneous diversification in each of the seven major orchid bioregions of the <span class="inserted">Earth</span>. With the current emphasis on understanding and predicting the immediate impacts of global warming, our study provides a clear case study of the long-term impacts of global climate change on biodiversity.</p>
Data For: Seawater intrusion at the grounding line of Jakobshavn Isbrae, Greenland, from Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI)
<p>Jakobshavn Isbrae is a major outlet glacier in West Greenland that lost its protective ice shelf in 2002 and has been speeding up and retreating since. We image its grounding line for the first time with a ground portable radar interferometer deployed in 2016 and detect its migration at tidal frequencies. The southern half of the glacier develops a floating section (3 km x 3 km) that migrates in phase with the tide up to a distance of 1.5 km, which is far more than expected from flotation. We attribute the migration to kilometer-scale seawater intrusions, 10-20 cm in height, occurring at high tide. The intrusions reveal that the glacier bed must be 100-600 m deeper than expected on the south side, which illustrates that our knowledge of bed topography remains limited in this sector. We expect seawater intrusions to cause rapid melt of basal ice and play a major role in the glacier evolution. </p>
Fire decreases soil respiration and its components in terrestrial ecosystems
<ol> <li>The impact of fire on aboveground biomass has significant consequences on soil carbon (C) dynamics, which is essential in predicting the global C budget during the Anthropocene. However, there is considerable spatiotemporal variability in the directions and magnitudes of fire effects on soil respiration, and the drivers associated with these effects are not well understood.</li> <li>Here, we conducted a global meta-analysis of 1327 individual observations from 170 studies to determine the extent to which fire influenced soil total respiration (R<sub>s</sub>), heterotrophic respiration (R<sub>h</sub>), and autotrophic respiration (R<sub>a</sub>).</li> <li>We found fires reduced R<sub>s</sub>, R<sub>h</sub>, and Ra, with an average effect of -11.0%, -17.5%, and -40.6%, compared to unburnt sites. Specifically, wildfires significantly reduced R<sub>s</sub>and R<sub>h </sub>(-20.4% and -25.0%, respectively), and prescribed fire significantly decreased Ra (-74.8%). The influences of fire on R<sub>s </sub>and its components were moderated by fire severity, season, type, climate zones, and biomes. After several years from the time of the fire, the negative effects of fire on R<sub>s </sub>diminished and then recovered to a state not significantly different from unburnt sites; Rh exhibited a similar but decayed temporal response. Similarly, the negative effects on R<sub>a</sub> disappeared after 3 years following the latest fire. The magnitude of the effect on R<sub>s </sub>was strongly associated with soil temperature, cation exchange capacity, total nitrogen (N) content, and N-acquiring enzyme activity. In contrast, the magnitude of the effect on R<sub>h </sub>significantly changed with pH, bulk density, texture, soil C and nutrient contents, and C- acquiring enzyme activity.</li> <li>Our findings advance the understanding of the inhibition and associated mechanisms of fire on R<sub>s </sub>and its components, highlighting the need for new research efforts to predict the spatial-temporal shifts in underground C cycling induced by fire. </li> </ol>
Sexual dimorphism in the proventriculus of the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris (L. 1758) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
<p>This data set shows the measurements of the proventriculi from male and female <em>Bombus terrestris </em>individuals</p>
Terrestrial laser scanning data of urban trees in Milton Keynes, UK: individual trees and Treegraph outputs
<p>This dataset was used for the analysis of the following publication:</p> <p>Yang, W., Wilkes, P., Vicari, M.B., Hand, K., Calders, K. and Disney, M., 2024. Treegraph: tree architecture from terrestrial laser scanning point clouds. <em>Remote Sensing in Ecology and Conservation</em>.</p> <p><strong>Any use of this dataset should cite the paper above </strong>(Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License).</p> <p> </p> <p>================================================<br> Dataset<br>================================================</p> <p><strong>TLS_point_clouds:</strong></p> <p>- Data collection: Terrestrial laser scanning data acquired in leaf-off condition in April 2021.</p> <p>- Scanning instrument: We used a RIEGL VZ-400 with a wavelength of 1550 nm, 0.35 mrad beam divergence and 0.04˚ angular resolution.</p> <p>- Locations: The data were collected from three sites in Milton Keynes, UK: Avebury Blvd (Ave), Dansteed Way (Dan), and Overgate (Ove).</p> <p>- File information: Each file is an individual leaf-off tree point cloud in Polygon File Format (.ply), which can be viewed in software such as CloudCompare.</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Treegraph_outputs:</strong></p> <p>- Description: Model outputs from <em>Treegraph</em> for individual trees.</p> <p>- File naming convention: [TreeID]-[downsample_voxel_length]-[tip_diameter_if_known].*</p> <ul> <li>*.centres.ply: Skeleton nodes of individual trees.</li> <li>*.mesh.ply: Cylinder model of individual trees.</li> <li>*.json: Geometrical and topological attributes at varying scales, from internode and branch to the whole tree.</li> <li>*.txt: Summary of input parameters, logs of intermediate steps, and a statistical overview of whole-tree structural attributes.</li> </ul>
Datasets for "The direct and indirect effects of the environmental factors on global terrestrial gross primary productivity over the past four decades"
<p>The environmental changes can affect gross primary productivity (GPP) by altering not only the biogeochemical characteristics of the photosynthesis system (direct effects) but also the structure of the vegetation canopy (indirect effects). However, comprehensively quantifying the multi-pathway effects of environmental change on GPP is currently challenging. We proposed a framework to analyse the changes in global GPP by combining a nested machine-learning model and a theoretical photosynthesis model. We quantified direct and indirect effects of changes in key environmental factors (atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit (VPD), and soil moisture) on global GPP from 1982 to 2020. The three datasets(RF_LAI, RF_GPP, and RF_GPPlai) are derived from LAI random forest model, GPP random forest model and hierarchical nested model respectively.</p>
The Psychophysiological Effect of Simulated and Terrestrial Altitude
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04075565. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Minnesota peat viromes reveal terrestrial and aquatic niche partitioning for local and global viral populations
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Remote sensing and field information aid in predicting the presence of the terrestrial orchid Cyclopogon lute-albus
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Predominantly terrestrial foraging and reproductive gains from a high trophic level diet in roof-nesting Herring Gulls (<em>Larus argentatus</em>)
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