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FIG. 5 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 5. — Result of cluster analysis which is based on the comparison of percentage representation of number of "Mediterranean" (+ C. viridiflavus and T. marmoratus), "boreal", and all other amphibian and reptile taxa in Central Europe. Several Pliocene localities are considered: Austria (DA 20, DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, RK 2), and Germany (Gundersheim, Kaltensundheim). Data according to Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Rauscher (1992), Ivanov (1997a), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2002).

FIG. 1 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 1. — Important herpetological localities from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe. Pliocene. Hungary: 1, Osztramos 1C (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 14); 2, Csarnóta 2 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15). Slovakia: 3, Ivanovce (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15); 4, Hajnácka (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 5, Vceláre 6/1 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17). Austria: 6, 7, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 20 and 21 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Poland: 8, 9, Weze 1 (early Pliocene, Ruscinian MN 15) and Weze 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 10, 11, Rebielice Królewskie 1A and 2 (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16); 12, Kadzielnia (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 17 to early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Germany: 13, Kaltensundheim (?early Pliocene,?Ruscinian MN 15?); 14, Willershausen (Pliocene, Ruscinian-Villanyian MN 14-MN 16); 15, Gundersheim (late Pliocene, Villanyian MN 16). Pleistocene. Slovakia: 16, Vceláre 6/2-9 (early Pleistocene, early Biharian). Austria: 17-20, Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, 2C1Z, and 4B (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 21, St. Margarethen (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Czechia: 22, Malá Dohoda-Quarry (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 23, MladecCaves-excavation II (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 24, Mladec 2 (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian); 25, Stránská skála Hill (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 26, "Za Hájovnou" Cave (middle Pleistocene,?Holsteinian. complex). Poland: 27, Kamyk (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 28, Kielniki 3A (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 29, Jaskinia Zabia (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 30, 31, Zalesiaki 1A and Zalesiaki 1B (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian); 32, Kozi Grzbiet (middle Pleistocene, late Biharian). Germany: 33, Untermassfeld (early Pleistocene, early Biharian); 34, Voigtstedt (middle Pleistocene, Cromerian complex, late Biharian); 35, Kalbsrieth (early or middle Pleistocene,?older than Voigtstedt); 36, BreitenberghÖhle bei GÖssweinstein (middle Pleistocene, Holsteinian complex, Toringian). Data concerning stratigraphy are from Hodrová (1981, 1985), Mais & Rabeder (1984), Horácek & Ložek (1988), Nadachowski et al. (1989), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Musil (1995), Ivanov (1996, 1997a, 2005, 2006), Sanchíz (1998), and G. BÖhme (2000).

FIG. 4 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 4. — Comparision of number of "Mediterranean" and "boreal" amphibian and reptile taxa in several early (MN 15) and late (MN 16) Pliocene localities in Austria (DA 20 and DA 21), Slovakia (Ivanovce), and Poland (Weze 1, Weze 2, RK 1A, and RK 2). Data are from Hodrová (1981, 1984), Młynarski & Szyndlar (1989), Szyndlar (1991a, b), Rauscher (1992), and Ivanov (1997a). MN 15/MN 16 transition at 3.2 Ma according to Agustí et al. (2001).

FIG. 9 in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 9. — Percentages of thermophilous (black coloured symbols) and "boreal" (unfilled symbols) amphibian and reptile species in each layer of the Mladec2 site. Natrix tessellata (+ cf.): N. tessellata + N. cf. tessellata; Elaphe longissima (+ cf.): E. longissima + E. cf. longissima. Explanations: top/bottom, sample from the top/bottom of the talus cone; ± 2 (or ± 4), sample from the layer 2 (or 4) and its surroundings. Modified from Ivanov (2006).

FIG. 8. — A in Herpetological assemblages from the Pliocene to middle Pleistocene in Central Europe: palaeoecological significance

FIG. 8. — A, palaeomagnetism and Oxygen Isotope Stratigraphy (OIS) for the last 1.4 Ma and related stratigraphical position of several investigated palaeoherpetological sites: Mladec2, Stránská skála Hill, and Bad Deutsch-Altenburg 2A, 2C1, and 4B; B, stratigraphical position of Bad Deutsch-Altenburg sites. Mais & Rabeder (1984) established a separate Biozone between Microtus nutiensis Biozone and Microtus pitymyoides Biozone. A, modified from the "Global chronostratigraphical correlation table for the last 2.7 million years" (Gibbard et al. 2005); B, modified from Mais & Rabeder (1977, 1984), and Rabeder (1981).

FIG. 2 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 2. — Photographs of fossil leaves from the Vrysses outcrops (western Crete):A, B, Pinus sp., needles nos. 32.1.2.168 and 32.1.2.48; C, D, Tetraclinis sp., twig fragments nos. 32.1.2.126 and 32.1.2.141; E, Daphnogene polymorpha (A.Braun) Ettingsh., no. 32.1.2.20; F, cf. "Parrotia" pristina (Ettingsh.) Stur, no. 32.1.3.5; G, cf. Juglans acuminata Braun ex Unger, no. 32.1.3.1; H-K, Quercus mediterranea Unger, nos. 32.1.2.24, 32.1.2.155, 32.1.3.2 and 32.1.2.79. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 5 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 5. — Drawings of selected fossil leaves from Vrysses (western Crete): A, Dicotylophyllum sp. 12, no. 32.1.2.42; B, N, Dicotylophyllum sp. 5, nos. 32.1.3.4 and 32.1.2.34; C, Dicotylophyllum sp. 10, no. 32.1.2.4; D, Daphnogene polymorpha (A.Braun) Ettingsh., no. 32.1.2.26; E, Dicotylophyllum sp. 11, no. 32.1.2.98; F, cf. Juglans acuminata Braun ex Unger, no. 32.1.3.1; G, S, Rosaceae gen. et sp. indet., nos. 32.1.2.41 and 32.1.2.8; H, Dicotylophyllum sp. 2, no. 32.1.2.92; I, Dicotylophyllum sp. 6, no. 32.1.2.107; J, Quercus mediterranea Unger, no. 32.1.2.147; K, Acer sp., no. 32.1.2.56; L, P, R, Acer pseudomonspessulanum Unger, nos. 32.1.3.9, 32.1.2.37 and 32.1.2.31; M, Buxus pliocenica Saporta & Marion, no. 32.1.2.140; O, Dicotylophyllum sp. 4, no. 32.1.2.144; Q, Quercus sp., no. 32.1.2.95; T, Dicotylophyllum sp. 7, no. 32.1.2.44. Scale bar: 1 cm.

FIG. 3 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 3. — Photographs of fossil leaves from the Vrysses outcrops (western Crete): A, Quercus sp., no. 32.1.2.142; B, Ulmaceae gen. et sp. indet., no. 32.1.2.70; C, cf. Salix sp., no. 32.1.2.39; D, Populus tremula L., foss., no. 32.1.3.7; E, Buxus pliocenica Saporta & Marion, no. 32.1.2.140; F, Rosaceae gen. et sp. indet., no. 32.1.2.55; G, Fabaceae type 1, no. 32.1.2.161; H, Fabaceae type 2, no. 32.1.2.78; I-L, Acer pseudomonspessulanum Unger, nos. 32.1.2.61, 32.1.3.8, 32.1.2.46 and 32.1.2.67; M, Acer sp., no. 32.1.2.12; N-P, cf. Ziziphus ziziphoides (Unger) Weyland, nos. 32.1.2.3, 32.1.2.180 and 32.1.2.5. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 4 in A late Miocene leaf assemblage from Vrysses, western Crete, Greece, and its paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic interpretation

FIG. 4. — Photographs of fossil leaves identified in Vrysses outcrops (western Crete):A, Dicotylophyllum sp. 1, no.32.1.2.1;B, Dicotylophyllum sp. 2, no. 32.1.2.92; C, Dicotylophyllum sp. 3, no. 32.1.2.16; D, Dicotylophyllum sp. 4, no. 32.1.2.33; E, Dicotylophyllum sp. 5, no. 32.1.3.6; F, Dicotylophyllum sp. 6, no. 32.1.2.9; G, Dicotylophyllum sp. 8, no. 32.1.2.223; H, Dicotylophyllum sp. 9, no. 32.1.2.30; I, Dicotylophyllum sp. 10, no. 32.1.2.93; J, Dicotylophyllum sp. 11, no. 32.1.2.159; K, Poaceae/Cyperaceae type 1, no. 32.1.2.191; L, Poaceae/ Cyperaceae type 2, no. 32.1.2.54. Scale bars: 1 cm.

FIG. 9 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 9. — Abondance relative des diatomées en fonction de leur mode de vie et de la température des eaux dans la coupe du Djebel Bent Zououda (• ≤ 4 %), Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 5 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 5. — Abondance relative des diatomées en fonction de la salinité dans les coupes étudiées, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie): A, coupes du Bois Sacré et du Douar Ouled Bettahar; B, coupes du Djebel Ben Dourda et du Djebel Bent Zououda. Abréviations: Ed, eau douce; M, marines; S, saumâtres.

FIG. 4 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 4. — Variation des assemblages diatomiques (• ≤ 4 %) dans les coupes étudiées, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 2 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 2. — Succession lithologique et indice de productivité (• ≤ 4 %): A, coupes de Bois Sacré et du Douar Ouled Bettahar, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 8 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 8. — Abondance relative des diatomées en fonction de leur mode de vie et de la température des eaux dans la coupe du Djebel Ben Dourda (• ≤ 4 %), Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 7 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 7. — Abondance relative des diatomées en fonction de leur mode de vie et de la température des eaux dans la coupe de Ouled Bettahar, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 3 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 3. — Biodiversité des populations de diatomées dans les coupes étudiées, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie): A, nombre d'espèces centriques et pennées; B, nombre d'espèces centriques par genre; C, nombre d'espèces pennées par genre; D, nombre d'espèces planctoniques et benthiques. Abréviation: Dj., Djebel.

FIG. 1. — A in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 1. — A, Carte simplifiée du bassin du Bas Chélif (Algérie); B, carte de localisation des coupes étudiées: 1, Bois Sacré; 2, Douar Ouled Bettahar; 3, Djebel Ben Dourda; 4, Djebel Bent Zououda. Abréviations: Dj., Djebel; O., oued.

FIG. 2 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 2. — Suite: B, coupes du Djebel Ben Dourda et du Djebel Bent Zououda, Dahra sud-occidental (Algérie).

FIG. 6 in Signification paléoécologique des assemblages de diatomées du Messinien du Dahra sud-occidental (bassin du Chélif, Algérie nord-occidentale)

FIG. 6. — Abondance relative des diatomées en fonction de leur mode de vie et de la température des eaux dans la coupe de Bois sacré, Dahra sud occidental (Algérie).