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Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 8. Overgrowth type 3 (arrows in A, B) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal (A) and distal (B) views, and CT scan of frontal slice (C), note the probable healed fracture (arrows). Photos taken by Rosemarie Roth (University of Zurich, Switzerland).

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 3. Overgrowth type 1 (arrows) in right pedal unguals I (A) and III (B) of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. Overgrowth projects proximally from the proximal articular surface. Note the medial to mediodorsal position of the overgrowths on the proximal articular surfaces. Unguals shown in dorsal (A1, B1), medial (A2, B2), proximal (A3, B3), and lateral (A4, B4) views. Photos taken by Esther Premru (Mönchaltorf, Switzerland) and modified from Tschopp et al. (2015).

Fig. 6 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 6. Palaeogeographic reconstruction during the Early Devonian (after Domeier and Torsvik 2014) and stratigraphic occurences of the "Polish Placoderm Sandstone" and the Ukrainian "Kujdanowiaspis series" in Podolia. Abbreviations: HCM, Holy Cross Mountains; Pd, Podolia.

Fig. 4 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 4. Thoracic elements of arthrodiran placoderm Kujdanowiaspididae indet. (A–I) and Actinolepidoidei indet. (J) from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. MZ-VIII/Vp-487, left spinal plate. B. MZ-VIII/Vp-485, left spinal plate. C. Muz PGI 1733.II.285, right spinal plate. D. MZ-VIII/Vp-485, spinal plate (drawing) E. Muz PGI 1733.II.340, right spinal plate. F. Muz PGI 1733.II.442, posterior half of an incomplete median dorsal plate. G. Muz PGI 1733.II.384, subcomplete median dorsal plate. H. Muz PGI 1733.II.81, incomplete median dorsal plate. I. MZ-VIII/ Vp-520, postmedian dorsal scute (tail cover) in dorsal (I1) and posterior (I2) views. J. Muz PGI 1733.II.174, right interolateral plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 2. Overgrowth type 1 (arrow) in left pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, HoweStephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in lateral (A), dorsal (B), and proximodorsal (C) views. Note the dorsal position of the overgrowth on the proximal articular surface, and how it fits in the notch in the distal articular surface of php I-1 (C, slightly displaced taphonomically). Abbreviations: mt, metatarsal; php, pedal phalanx. Not to scale, the proximodistal length of php I-1 is 45 mm.

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 9. Overgrowth type 4 (arrow) on the laterodistal corner of the left pedal phalanx IV-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anterior/dorsal view. Abbreviation: php, phalanx of pedal digit.

Fig. 1 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 1. Schematic drawing of the left and right manual (A) and pedal (B) phalanges of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002, marking the elements affected by pathologies described herein. Rectangles are normal phalanges, triangles are unguals. Dashed lines indicate lacking elements. Numbers correspond to the overgrowth types as defined in the text; e, possible eburnation; p, deep pit.

Fig. 5 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 5. Arthrodiran placoderm Brachythoraci indet. from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. Muz PGI 1733.II.114, print of subcomplete left anterior dorsolateral plate (A1, photograph; A2, "negative drawing"). B. Muz PGI 1733II.107, countreprint subcomplete right anterior dorsolateral plate (B1, photograph; B2, drawing). C. Muz PGI 1733.II.225, ventral side of an incomplete median dorsal plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 11 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 11. Comparison of the normal development of articular surfaces of phalanges of diplodocid sauropod SMA 0087 (php II-1, A) with the pathological elements of camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 (php III-1, B); both from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe Ranch, Wyoming, USA. Note the considerable extension of the lateral spurs in SMA 0002.

Fig. 10 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 10. Deep pit (arrow) in the proximal articular surface of the left pedal phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA; in anteroproximal view. The proximal width of the phalanx is 72 mm. Abbreviation: mt, metatarsal.

Fig. 7 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 7. Smoothened area (a possible case of eburnation) on the distal articular surface of the left manual phalanx I-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. The distal dorsopalmar height is 55 mm.

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 6. Overgrowth type 2 exemplified in a drawing (A, modified from Tschopp et al. 2015) and CT scan (B) of the left manual phalanx II-1 of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA. CT scan shows variable bone densities in the osteophyte, indicated by the different gray scales. Abbreviations: phm, phalanx of manual digit; mc, metacarpal.

Fig. 2. A in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 2. A. Diagrammatic map the Holy Cross Mountains with indicated crossection from the base to the top of the Lower Devonian (modified after Szulczewski 1995). B. Lithostratigraphy of the upper Pragian to Eifelian in the Kielce Region (modified from Fijałkowska-Mader and Malec 2011). Star indicates Podłazie Hill locality; T1–4, pyroclastic horizons; black area in B is a stratigraphical gap.

Fig. 5 in Pathological phalanges in a camarasaurid sauropod dinosaur and implications on behaviour

Fig. 5. Thin section of the overgrowth type 1 from the right pedal ungual I of the camarasaurid sauropod SMA 0002 from Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation, Howe-Stephens Quarry, Wyoming, USA (A). Detail (B), showing coarse-grained structure bone in mainly avascular bone (arrowheads).

Fig. 3 in Placoderms from the Lower Devonian "placoderm sandstone" of the Holy Cross Mountains, Poland with biostratigraphical and palaeobiogeographical implications

Fig. 3. Cranial and thoracic material of arthrodiran placoderm Kujdanowiaspis sp. (A, C, E, F) and Erikaspis sp. (B, D, F) from Lower Devonian (Emsian) of Podłazie Hill, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland. A. MZ-VIII/Vp-340, left fragmentary skull roof. B. MZ-VIII/Vp-480, posterodorsal fragment of a right anterior lateral plate. C. Muz PGI 1733.II.37, right fragmentary skull roof. D. Muz PGI 1733.II.183, left anterior lateral plate. E. MZ-VIII/Vp-515, left postorbital plate. F. Muz PGI 1733.II.390, right postorbital plate. G. Muz PGI 1733.II.383, subcomplete right anterior lateral plate. Scale bars 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 6. Histology of osteoderm V2 of doswelliid Vancleavea campi Long and Murray 1995, H4-102-08 from Hayden Quarry, Petrified Forest Member, Chinle Formation, New Mexico, USA, Early Norian. A. Complete transversal section view. B, C. Detail of the basal cortex, which is poorly vascularized with some simple vascular spaces. Structural fibers are best observed under cross-polarized light. The arrows in C indicate the orientation of the fiber bundles. D. Detail of the external cortex and vascular spaces of the inner region. E, F. Detail of the basal cortex toward the marginal zones. In these areas, the presence of structural fibers is not as clear. A, B, D, E, normal light; C, F, cross-polarized light. Abbreviations: LB, lamellar bone; PFB, parallel fibered bone; po, primary osteon; re, resorption space; SF, structural fibers; svc, simply vascular canal; WFB, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 5 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 5. Histology of osteoderm 2 of doswelliid Vancleavea campi Long and Murray 1995, GR 138 from Coelophysis Quarry, "Siltstone Member", Chinle Formation, New Mexico, USA, Early Norian. A. Complete transversal section (2C, A1; 2B, A2). B. Detail of basal cortex, constituted by parallel-fibered bone; showing some lines of arrested growth (LAGs) and fibrolamellar bone toward core region. C, D. Detail of the basal cortex (close to the margins); with multiple Sharpey fibers in the parallel-fibered bone. E. View to the annuli with circular shape, on the lateral portions of the osteoderm, composed by lamellar tissue. F. Detail of the inner core region; showing the presence of a concentric annulus (formed by lamellar tissue) and highly vascularized primary tissue enclosed by the annuli. G, H. Detail of the external cortex on the central (i.e., midline) portion of the osteoderm, whereas the outermost portion consists of lamellar bone, the inner part is formed by fibrolamellar. Note arrowheads pointing to growth marks (annuli). A–C, F, G, normal light; H, cross-polarized light; D, cross-polarized light with lambda compensator. Abbreviations: LB, lamellar bone; PFB, parallel-fibered bone; Shf, Sharpey's fibers; WFB, woven-fibered bone.

Fig. 2 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 2. Compactness degree obtained from all osteoderms of examined taxa and comparison with others Doswellidae and Proterochampsidae taxa. A. Doswelliid Doswellia kaltenbachi Weems, 1980, USNM PAL 244214 from Near Doswell, Virginia, USA, Carnian. B, D, E, G. Doswelliid Vancleavea campi Long and Murry, 1995 from Coelophysis Quarry, "Siltstone Member" (GR 138) and Hayden Quarry, Petrified Forest Member (H4-102-08), Chinle Formation, New Mexico, USA, Early Norian. B. GR 138 (1). D. GR 138 (2A, D1; 2B, D2). E. GR 138 (V1). G. H4-102-08 (V2). C, F. Proterochampsid Chanaresuchus bonapartei Romer, 1971 from La Rioja province, Ladinian–Carnian. C. PULR 07. F. PVL 6244. H. Doswelliid Archeopelta arborensis Desojo, Escurra, and Schultz, 2011, CPEZ 239a from São Pedro do Sul, Ladinian–Carnian. I. Proterochampsid Pseudochampsa ischigualastensis Trotteyn, Martínez, and Alcober, 2012, PVSJ 567 from San Juan province, Carnian–Norian. J. Doswelliid Tarjadia ruthae Arcucci and Marsicano, 1998, PULR 063 from La Rioja province, Ladinian–Carnian. As seen, all indexes are equal or upper to 0.5, which means all osteoderms are composed by at least 50% of compact bone. CO, compactness observed.

Fig. 1 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 1. Osteoderms examined in this study. A. Doswelliid Doswellia kaltenbachi Weems, 1980, USNM PAL 244214 from Near Doswell, Virginia, USA, Carnian. B, C. Doswelliid Vancleavea campi Long and Murry, 1995 from Coelophysis Quarry, "Siltstone Member" (GR 138) and Hayden Quarry, Petrified Forest Member (H4-102-08), Chinle Formation, New Mexico, USA, Early Norian. B. GR 138 (V1). C. H4-102-08 (V2). D. ProterochampsidChanaresuchus bonapartei Romer, 1971, PULR 07 from La Rioja province, Ladinian–Carnian; D1, general view of a single row of osteoderms associated with presacral vertebrae; D2, detailed view of the sampled osteoderm (box inset in D1). All elements in external view (except D, lateral-medial view), with the anterior margin facing the upper part of the figure.

Fig. 7 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 7. Histology of proterochampsid Chanaresuchus bonapartei Romer, 1971, PULR 07 osteoderm from La Rioja province, Ladinian–Carnian. A. Complete longitudinal section view. Note the poorly vascularization. Red line indicates separation between the complete osteoderm and the rest of another. B, C. Detail of basal cortex. It is constituted in the outermost cortex by parallel-fibered bone and toward the interior of osteoderm, it acquires the features of woven-fibered bone. Multiple growth marks and some Sharpey fibers are observed. D, E. View of the upper portion of osteoderm. The abundance of Sharpey fibers prevents clear observance of the bone matrix, which appears to be parallel-fibered bone. Some LAGs can be tracked also. F. Detail of the marginal region. It is formed in its outer region by lamellar bone and in the perimedular portion by woven-fibered bone. Large and dense bundles of Sharpey fibers are observed. Some LAGs are also present. Arrowheads point to growth marks (LAGs). A, B, D, F, normal light; C, E, cross-polarized light with lambda compensator. Abbreviations: PFB, parallel-fibered bone; Shf, Sharpey fibers; svc, simple vascular canal; WFB, woven-fibered bone.