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3,648 results for “induction”
Low-dose alemtuzumab induction in a tailored immunosuppression protocol for sensitized kidney transplant recipients
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Data from: Photoacclimation and induction of light-enhanced calcification in the mesophotic coral Euphyllia paradivisa
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Data from: Morphological, cellular and molecular evidences of chromosome random elimination in vivo upon haploid induction in maize
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Data from: Rituximab vs placebo induction prior to glatiramer acetate monotherapy in multiple sclerosis
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Micrographs of strains with MultiduBE before and after induction
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Data from: Elucidating mechanisms for insect body size: partial support for the oxygen-dependent induction of moulting hypothesis
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Data from: Water-borne defense induction of a rockweed in the wild
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Data from: Induction of sexual reproduction and genetic diversity in the cheese fungus Penicillium roqueforti
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Data from: Rapid induction of the heat hardening response in an Arctic insect
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Data from the study: Effect of experimental DNA demethylation on phytohormones production and palatability of a clonal plant after induction via jasmonic acid
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Induction and potential role of summer dormancy to enhance persistence of perennial grasses under warmer climates
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Geranylgeraniol prevents zoledronic acid-mediated reduction of viable mesenchymal stem cells via induction of Rho-dependent YAP activation
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Data from: Leptin increases sympathetic nerve activity via induction of its own receptor in the paraventricular nucleus
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Diatom defence: Grazer induction and cost of shell-thickening
1. Diatoms account for 40 % of the ocean primary production and play a key role in the oceans' ability to sequester carbon. The evolutionary success of diatoms and their role in ocean biogeochemistry are related to the siliceous shell that provide partial protection against grazing. 2. The structure and function of phytoplankton communities are governed by environmental constraints and organismal trade-offs. Defence mechanisms may help explain the high diversity of phytoplankton (incl. diatoms) in the ocean, but only if the defence comes at a cost. Defence costs have been notoriously difficult to demonstrate and quantify in marine phytoplankton. 3. Here, we demonstrate for seven species of planktonic diatoms that their shell thickens and their growth rate declines when cells are exposed to chemical cues from copepods, important predators of diatoms. The responses are proportional to the concentration of grazer cues, but are also highly variable, both between and within species. 4. At our standard experimental condition, the typical decline in growth rate is 10 %, and the typical increase in cellular biogenic silica is 16 %. The latter value corresponds to a decline in grazing mortality due to small copepods of 11 %. Thus, silification in response to grazers is exactly warranted. 5. The similar magnitude of the costs and benefits of silification suggests a flat fitness landscape along the competition-defence axis. This may help explain the high diversity of coexisting diatoms in the ocean. 6. The significant but variable contribution of diatoms to the downward flux of organic carbon in the ocean depends to a large extent on the silica content of the cells. This is due less to the ballasting effect of silica, but mainly to the different life histories of more or less defended cells that are governed by evolutionary adaptations and – as demonstrated here - plastic responses to grazers.
Figure 6 from: Popova P, Zarev Y, Shkondrov A, Krasteva I, Ionkova I (2020) Induction of flavonoid biosynthesis by in vitro cultivation of Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Pharmacia 67(2): 95-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e50390
Figure 6 Total flavonoid contents (mg/mg DW) in suspension cultures of A. glycyphyllos, cultivated on G48 medium, supplemented with 10, 20 and 30 mg/mL quercetin.
Figure 3 from: Popova P, Zarev Y, Shkondrov A, Krasteva I, Ionkova I (2020) Induction of flavonoid biosynthesis by in vitro cultivation of Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Pharmacia 67(2): 95-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e50390
Figure 3 Growth index of callus cultures of A. glycyphyllos, cultivated on culture mediums with half and double amount of Mg2+ and Ca2+.
Figure 5 from: Popova P, Zarev Y, Shkondrov A, Krasteva I, Ionkova I (2020) Induction of flavonoid biosynthesis by in vitro cultivation of Astragalus glycyphyllos L. Pharmacia 67(2): 95-99. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.67.e50390
Figure 5 Total flavonoid contents (mg/g DW) of callus cultures of A. glycyphyllos, cultivated on culture mediums with half and double amount of Mg2+ and Ca2+ under light regimen of cultivation.
Induction of Protective Immune Responses by OMVs-Based Nanovaccine Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Poultry
<p>Table S1. Primers used for quantitative real-time PCR in this study.</p>
Data from: A context-dependent induction of natal habitat preference in a generalist herbivorous insect
In many species adults exploit sensory information experienced in their natal habitat when searching for resources. This behavioral plasticity may help animals to establish themselves in new habitats by quickly locating suitable resources and avoiding unsuitable resources in complex environments. However the processes guiding positive or negative natal habitat preference induction (NHPI) remain poorly understood. In the polyphagous moth Spodoptera littoralis, earlier studies have shown that female innate host-plant preference is modulated by larval feeding experience. In this context, the aim of this study was to investigate how variability in food quality associated with habitat olfactory cues can modulate NHPI in this species. We found that larvae showed appetitive or aversive responses to the experienced plant olfactory cues based on their values as predictors of food quality. Furthermore, larval exposure to host-plant olfactory cues alone induced oviposition preference for these plants in adult females, but only when the females had been feeding on high-quality food as larvae. Females reared on poor quality food retained their innate plant oviposition preference as adults. These results show that NHPI in S. littoralis is context-dependent and based on food quality with which olfactory cues are associated. They also suggest that larval experience to plant olfactory cues alone is sufficient to modulate the adult host plant preference. Finally, this study suggests that polyphagous insects with particular innate plant preferences may only show phenotypic plasticity in this trait when the fitness benefits are high.
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate herbivore-induction of plant defenses differently above and belowground
Plants are exposed to herbivores and symbionts above and belowground. Herbivores aboveground alter plant defenses in both leaves and roots, affecting plant-herbivore interactions above and belowground. Root symbionts, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also influence the defenses of leaves and roots, and alter plant responses to herbivory. However, we lack an understanding of how AMF mediate plant responses to herbivores simultaneously in above and belowground plant tissues, despite the ubiquity of such interactions and their consequences for ecological communities. In a full factorial experiment, we subjected plants of four milkweed (Asclepias) species under three levels of AMF inoculum availability to damage by aphids (Aphis nerii), caterpillars (Danaus plexippus), or no herbivores. We then measured foliar and root cardenolides (chemical defenses), leaf toughness, latex exudation (physical defenses), foliar carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous concentrations, plant biomass, and levels of AMF colonization of roots. Plants inoculated with AMF generally produced tougher leaves with higher cardenolide concentrations than did plants without AMF. In contrast, root cardenolides were altered by AMF inoculum availability in a plant species-specific manner. The relative induction or suppression of foliar cardenolides and leaf toughness by herbivores was altered strongly by the level of AMF inoculum available to plants. However, AMF did not influence caterpillar-induction or aphid-suppression of root cardenolides. In addition, herbivore feeding induced substantial changes in levels of AMF colonization of roots in a plant species-specific manner. We demonstrate that the availability of AMF in soil alters herbivore induction and suppression of plant defenses strongly, and does so differently in above and belowground plant tissues. Furthermore, we show that herbivore feeding alters levels of AMF colonization substantially, completing a feedback loop between above and belowground organisms. Our study suggests that indirect interactions between AMF and herbivores may have community-wide consequences by altering plant phenotype both above and belowground.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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