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Jumping out of trouble: Evidence for a cognitive map in guppies (Poecilia reticulata)
<p><span>Spatial cognitive abilities allow individuals to remember the location of resources such as food patches, predator hide-outs, or shelters. </span><span>Animals typically incorporate learnt spatial information or use external environmental cues to navigate their surroundings. A spectacular example of how some fishes move is through aerial jumping. For instance, fish that are trapped within isolated pools, cut off from the main body of water during dry periods, may jump over obstacles and direct their jumps to return to safe locations. However, what information such as re-orientation behaviour during jumping is based on remains enigmatic. Here we combine a lab and field experiment to test if guppies (<em>Poecilia reticulata</em>) incorporate learnt spatial information and external environmental cues (visual and auditory) to determine where to jump. In a spatial memory assay we found that guppies were more likely to jump towards deeper areas, hence incorporating past spatial information to jump to safety. In a matched vs. mismatched spatial cue experiment in the field, we found that animals only showed directed jumping when visual and auditory cues matched. We show that in unfamiliar entrapments guppies direct their jumps by combining visual and auditory cues, while in familiar entrapments they use a cognitive map. We hence conclude that jumping behaviour is a goal-directed behaviour, guided by different sources of information and involving important spatial cognitive skills.</span></p>
Figure 3. A-B in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 3. A-B, Male Hentzia mitrata (Hentz, 1846) at Prunus nectary. C, Female Tutelina elegans (Hentz, 1846) at nectary of Prunus. D-E, Sequence showing a male Peckhamia sp. at two nectaries on the same leaf. F, Female Peckhamia sp. at nectary. G- H, Immature Phidippus putnami (Peckham & Peckham, 1883) at nectary after emerging from brood sac. I, Male Sassacus papenhoei Peckham & Peckham, 1895 at nectary. J, Female S. papenhoei at nectary. K-L, Female Maevia inclemens (Walckenaer, 1837) at nectary. All photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 2 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 2. Salticid spider Pelegrina galathea feeding at extrafloral nectaries of an unspecified shrub (photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). A-B, A sequence of two images of an adult male spider. Note the droplet of nectar in image A. C-D, A sequence of two images of an adult female spider. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 5. A-C in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 5. A-C, Salticid spider Cosmophasis micarioides (L. Koch, 1880) and golden-tailed spiny ants Polyrhachis am- monon found on Flagellaria indica plant at the Cattana Wetlands near Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Each time when the ants abandoned the nectary for a brief moment, the spider dashed forward to consume nectar (photos by Andrea Lim, James Cook University).
Figure 7. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 7. A, Bagheera kiplingi female consuming Beltian body on a Vachellia collinsii plant in Akumal, Mexico (Image credit: Robert L. Curry, Villanova University). B, Pseudomyrmex sp. ant carrying a Beltian body on Vachellia hindsii plant near Puerto Escondido, state of Oaxaca, Mexico (Image credit: Martin Heil, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico).
Figure 4. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 4. A, Male salticid spider (Sassacus papenhoei Peckham & Peckham, 1895) watching an ant at a nectary. B, Female Tutelina elegans (Hentz, 1846), an ant predator, watching an ant at nectary. In both examples (A, B) the spider did not attack the ant but at some point later the spider imbibed nectar at one of the nectaries, too, after the ant had left (photos taken indoors by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 10 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 10. Nocturnal runners (Anyphaenidae) consuming nectar (photos by Woodbridge Foster, Ohio State University). A, Hibana velox (Becker, 1879) feeding at paired extrafloral nectaries at the base of a leaf of the castor bean Ricinus communis in Vero Beach, Florida. B, Hibana similaris (Banks, 1929) pressing mouthparts to nectar-bearing trichomes at panicle branch of cashew tree Anacardium occidentale on Majé Island, Panama.
Figure 1. A in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 1. A, Phidippus audax (Hentz, 1845) feeding on a noctuid caterpillar (Image credit: Lawrence Duhon, Fort Worth, Texas). B, Adult female Phidippus clarus Keyserling, 1885 feeding on a brachyceran fly (photo by David E. Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina).
Figure 6 in Phytophagy in jumping spiders: The vegetarian side of a group of insectivorous predators
Figure 6. Salticid spiders feeding on plant sap (all photos taken indoors by David Hill, Simpsonville, South Carolina). A, Female Pelegrina galathea apparently biting into Rubus leaf; note liquid released at leaf surface. B, Male Hentzia mitrata apparently biting into a Prunus leaf; note liquid exuding from the leaf. C, Female Hentzia mitrata apparently biting a Prunus leaf. The exuding liquid associated with this behavior can be seen clearly. D, Immature Phidippus audax apparently feeding on droplets of solid, crystalline exudate on the surface of a leaf. This exudate may have been the result of leaf damage caused by insects with piercingsucking mouthparts.
Figures 6-7 in Notes on the jumping spider Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901) in Thailand (Araneae: Salticidae: Heliophaninae)
Figures 6-7. Two views of a female S. semiglaucus feeding on a larva that she took from an ant worker.
Figures 8-9. Male S in Notes on the jumping spider Siler semiglaucus (Simon, 1901) in Thailand (Araneae: Salticidae: Heliophaninae)
Figures 8-9. Male S. semiglaucus (foreground) approaching a larger female with first legs extended and raised. Note the position of the female, with the first legs raised, pedipalps held vertically at the sides of the exposed chelicerae, and the elevated abdomen.
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 19. Feeding Phidippus from southern Greenville County, South Carolina. 1, Penultimate female P. audax with two leafhoppers. This spider held one leafhopper as it jumped and captured the second. 2, Adult female P. audax fedding on a large brachyceran fly. 3, Adult female P. princeps feeding on spider. 4, Adult female P. princeps feeding on a captured bug after wiping it against the surface. Each scale bar = 1.0 mm.
Figure 20 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 20. SEM of chemosensory setae (spondylae) associated with the pretarsus or foot of an adult male Phidippus audax from Iowa City, Iowa. 1-3, Ventral views of the distal end of right leg I at three levels of magnification. 2, A group of spondylae (inset) originates between the anterior and posterior plates of flattened tenent setae. 3, Detail showing the conical tip (arrows) at the end of three spondylae. These are surrounded by flattened tenent setae bearing, ventrally, regular rows of bifid filaments that adhere to a smooth surface. Each spondyla bears an open sensory pore at the apex of the cone.
Figure 4 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 4. Two female Phidippus texanus (sisters) reared from the same brood sac found in Lea County, New Mexico, in August of 1978 (on mesquite 21 miles W of Jal on SR 128). Half of the females in this brood had the typical texanus form with cream to white scales on a black background (1), and the other half had a similar dorsal pattern with the coloration of the related P. ardens, with rust-red scales covering much of the dorsal opisthosoma. Edwards (2004) placed P. ardens and P. texanus in the borealis clade of the purpuratus group within Phidippus, but kept the species separate in part because of their parapatric ranges. However, he did report both species from Lea County, New Mexico where this brood sac was found, and both live on mesquite. These are very large Phidippus, with females averaging 13-15 mm in body length.
Figure 3 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 3. Two views of an adult female Phidippus princeps captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). In this area female P. princeps were tan in color, often with abundant white or cream-colored facial scales as shown here. At least as juveniles, they build their nests and hunt on herbaceous plants in old field habitats. They are common in eastern North America, from Minnesota southeast to northwestern South Carolina and northern Georgia. Further to the southeast, they are replaced by the closely related P. pulcherrimus Keyserling 1885, also an inhabitant of old fields (Edwards 2004). Note the distinctive 'hair' tufts on the carapace, a characteristic of most Phidippus jumping spiders.
Figure 2 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 2. Two adult female Phidippus audax captured in an old field in Ithaca, Tompkins County, New York (1978). Many local varieties of P. audax do not have the broad lateral band of opisthosomal scales shown here. P. audax appears to be a generalist with respect to habitat and it is widely distributed across much of North America, with many recent sightings in the far west. It can frequently be found living on herbaceous plants in old fields, but I have also found it near water, woodland margins, on trees, on fence posts, and even nesting on the ground under rocks.
Figure 54. Four unidentified Cosmophasis species. 1 in Three new jumping spiders of the genus Cosmophasis from Wallacea (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 54. Four unidentified Cosmophasis species. 1, Cosmophasis sp. A with a Green Tree Ant (Oecophylla smaragdina) from Pulau Penem in the Fam Islands, just west of Waigeo. 2, Female Cosmophasis sp. B from Sidangoli, Halamhera Island (9.5 mm?). 3, Penultimate male Cosmophasis sp. B from Ternate Island (10.0 mm?). Adults have similar colouration. 4, Adult male Cosmophasis sp. C from Manokwari, West Papua (17.0 mm?). 5-7, Adult male Cosmophasis species D. from Lembeh Island. Photo credits: 1, © Leoš Smutný, used with permission (Smutný 2020); 2-4, © David Knowles, used with permission; 5-7, © Dan Schofield, used under a CC BY-NC 4.0 license (Scofield 2020a, 2020b, 2020c).
Figure 52 in Three new jumping spiders of the genus Cosmophasis from Wallacea (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 52. Adult female Cosmophasis waeri sp.nov. from Banda Besar, in alcohol. 3, Ventral view of anterior prosoma with chelicerae in retracted position. 4, Ventral view of anterior prosoma with chelicerae in extended position. Note the single large tooth to the front, and to the rear, of each fang, in a medial position. 5-9, Ventral views of the epigynum. The convexity of the surface of the epigynum is best seen in (5) and (9).
Figure 49 in Three new jumping spiders of the genus Cosmophasis from Wallacea (Araneae: Salticidae: Chrysillini)
Figure 49. Immature Cosmophasis valeriae from Bali. Both males and females have the colours of an adult
Figure 18 in Learned avoidance of the Large Milkweed Bug (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae: Oncopeltus fasciatus) by jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae: Dendryphantina: Phidippus)
Figure 18. Oncopeltus fasciatus aggregating on Asclepias leaves and seed pods in southern Greenville County, South Carolina. These insects pierce seed pods to feed on seeds. 1, Pair of immatures resting on top of an Asclepias leaf. 2, Two adults feeding on seed pod. 3, Aggregation of mating adult pairs. 4, Lateral view of adult showing long stylus. 5, Dorsal view of adult.
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.