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2,721 results for “CONNECTIVITY”
Data from: The structural and functional connectivity of the grassland plant Lychnis flos-cuculi
Understanding the relationship between structural and functional connectivity is essential for successful restoration and conservation management, particularly in intensely managed agricultural landscapes. We evaluated the relationship between structural and functional connectivity of the wetland plant Lychnis flos-cuculi in a fragmented agricultural landscape using landscape genetic and network approaches. First, we studied the effect of structural connectivity, such as geographic distance and various landscape elements (forest, agricultural land, settlements and ditch verges), on gene flow among populations as a measurement of functional connectivity. Second, we examined the effect of structural graph-theoretic connectivity measures on gene flow among populations and on genetic diversity within populations of L. flos-cuculi. Among landscape elements, forests hindered gene flow in L. flos-cuculi, whereas gene flow was independent of geographic distance. Among the structural graph-theoretic connectivity variables, only intrapopulation connectivity, which was based on population size, had a significant positive effect on gene flow, that is, more gene flow took place among larger populations. Unexpectedly, interpopulation connectivity of populations, which takes into account the spatial location and distance among populations, did not influence gene flow in L. flos-cuculi. However, higher observed heterozygosity and lower inbreeding was observed in populations characterised by higher structural interpopulation connectivity. This finding shows that a spatially coherent network of populations is significant for maintaining the genetic diversity of populations. Nevertheless, lack of significant relationships between gene flow and most of the structural connectivity measures suggests that structural connectivity does not necessarily correspond to functional connectivity.
Data from: Population genetics reveals high connectivity of giant panda populations across human disturbance features in key nature reserve
The giant panda is an example of a species that has faced extensive historical habitat fragmentation and anthropogenic disturbance, and is assumed to be isolated in numerous subpopulations with limited gene flow between them. To investigate the population size, health and connectivity of pandas in a key habitat area, we noninvasively collected a total of 539 fresh wild giant panda fecal samples for DNA extraction within Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan, China. Seven validated tetra-microsatellite markers were used to analyze each sample, and a total of 142 unique genotypes were identified. Non-spatial and spatial capture-recapture models estimated the population size of the reserve at 164 and 137 individuals (95% confidence intervals 153-175 and 115-163), respectively. Relatively high levels of genetic variation and low levels of inbreeding were estimated, indicating adequate genetic diversity. Surprisingly, no significant genetic boundaries were found within the population despite the national road G350 that bisects the reserve, which is also bordered with patches of development and agricultural land. We attribute this to high rates of migration, with 4 giant panda road-crossing events confirmed within a year based on repeated captures of individuals. This likely means that giant panda populations within mountain ranges are better connected than previously thought. Increased development and tourism traffic in the area and throughout the current panda distribution poses a threat of increasing population isolation, however. Maintaining and restoring adequate habitat corridors for dispersal is thus a vital step for preserving the levels of gene flow seen in our analysis and the continued conservation of the giant panda meta-population in both Wolong and throughout their current range.
Data from: Testing the benefits of conservation set-asides for improved habitat connectivity in tropical agricultural landscapes
1. Habitat connectivity is important for tropical biodiversity conservation. Expansion of commodity crops, such as oil palm, fragments natural habitat areas, and strategies are needed to improve habitat connectivity in agricultural landscapes. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) voluntary certification system requires that growers identify and conserve forest patches identified as High Conservation Value Areas (HCVAs) before oil palm plantations can be certified as sustainable. We assessed the potential benefits of these conservation set-asides for forest connectivity. 2. We mapped HCVAs and quantified their forest cover in 2015. To assess their contribution to forest connectivity, we modelled range expansion of forest-dependent populations with five dispersal abilities spanning those representative of poor dispersers (e.g., flightless insects) to more mobile species (e.g., large birds or bats) across 70 plantation landscapes in Borneo. 3. Because only 21% of HCVA area was forested in 2015, these conservation set-asides currently provide few connectivity benefits. Compared to a scenario where HCVAs contain no forest (i.e., a no-RSPO scenario), current HCVAs improved connectivity by ~3% across all dispersal abilities. However, if HCVAs were fully reforested, then overall landscape connectivity could improve by ~16%. Reforestation of HCVAs had the greatest benefit for poor to intermediate dispersers (0.5-3 km per generation), generating landscapes that were up to 2.7 times better connected than landscapes without HCVAs. By contrast, connectivity benefits of HCVAs were low for highly mobile populations under current and reforestation scenarios, because range expansion of these populations was generally successful regardless of the amount of forest cover. 4.Synthesis and applications. The RSPO requires that HCVAs be set aside to conserve biodiversity, but HCVAs currently provide few connectivity benefits because they contain relatively little forest. However, reforested HCVAs have the potential to improve landscape connectivity for some forest species (e.g., winged insects), and we recommend active management by plantation companies to improve forest quality of degraded HCVAs (e.g., by enrichment planting). Future revisions to the RSPO's Principles and Criteria (P&C) should also ensure that large (i.e., with a core area >2 km2) HCVAs are reconnected to continuous tracts of forest to maximise their connectivity benefits.
Data from: Decreased brain connectivity in smoking contrasts with increased connectivity in drinking
In a group of 831 participants from the general population in the Human Connectome Project, smokers exhibited low overall functional connectivity, and more specifically of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex which is associated with non-reward mechanisms, the adjacent inferior frontal gyrus, and the precuneus. Participants who drank a high amount had overall increases in resting state functional connectivity, and specific increases in reward-related systems including the medial orbitofrontal cortex and the cingulate cortex. Increased impulsivity was found in smokers, associated with decreased functional connectivity of the non-reward-related lateral orbitofrontal cortex; and increased impulsivity was found in high amount drinkers, associated with increased functional connectivity of the reward-related medial orbitofrontal cortex. The main findings were cross-validated in an independent longitudinal dataset with 1176 participants, IMAGEN. Further, the functional connectivities in 14-year-old non-smokers (and also in female low-drinkers) were related to who would smoke or drink at age 19. An implication is that these differences in brain functional connectivities play a role in smoking and drinking, together with other factors.
Data from: Population connectivity of the plating coral Agaricia lamarcki from southwest Puerto Rico
Identifying genetic connectivity and discrete population boundaries is an important objective for man- agement of declining Caribbean reef-building corals. A double digest restriction-associated DNA sequencing pro- tocol was utilized to generate 321 single nucleotide poly- morphisms to estimate patterns of horizontal and vertical gene flow in the brooding Caribbean plate coral, Agaricia lamarcki. Individual colonies (n = 59) were sampled from eight locations throughout southwestern Puerto Rico from six shallow (* 10–20 m) and two mesophotic habitats (* 30–40 m). Descriptive summary statistics (Fixation index, FST), analysis of molecular variance, and analysis through landscape and ecological associations and dis- criminant analysis of principal components estimated high population connectivity with subtle subpopulation structure among all sampling localities.
Knowledge-intensive firms, connectivity and spatial restructuring: dynamics and differences in Germany and Switzerland
<p>This dataset is based on the interlocking network model developed by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group (GaWC) at Loughborough University (Taylor 2004). It provides one specific way to address the question how inter‐city relations can be empirically measured despite the chronic lack of data on inter‐city information flows. The model uses a proxy – intra‐firm networks of multi‐branch, multi‐location enterprises – to estimate potential flows of knowledge‐creating information between cities and towns. The method was originally developed to measure the connectivity between global cities based on multi‐branch advanced producer services (APS) firms as they organize business activities across their offices worldwide. In this dataset, the model is adapted to measure relations between functional urban areas (FUAs) within and beyond the German and Swiss space economy, for both APS and High-Tech firms. In contrast to the original methodology, in this dataset the company locations were localized by the exact, georeferenced address, not only on the level of FUAs.</p> <p>The present dataset is created as part of the SNF research project “Knowledge-intensive firms, connectivity<br> and spatial restructuring: dynamics and differences in Germany and Switzerland”.</p>
FIGURE 3. Salvia topiensis A. Habit. B. Floral bract, outer surface. C. Calyx. D. Corolla. E. Connectives and thecae. F in Salvia albicalyx and Salvia topiensis (Lamiaceae), two new species from Durango, Mexico
FIGURE 3. Salvia topiensis A. Habit. B. Floral bract, outer surface. C. Calyx. D. Corolla. E. Connectives and thecae. F. Apex of the style. G. Nutlets, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) surfaces. Illustration based on A. Benítez-P. 2426 and S. Acevedo 196 & D. Bayona; drawn by J.G. González-Gallegos.
FIGURE 1. Salvia albicalyx A. Habit. B. Floral bract, outer surface. C. Calyx. D. Corolla. E. Connectives and thecae. F in Salvia albicalyx and Salvia topiensis (Lamiaceae), two new species from Durango, Mexico
FIGURE 1. Salvia albicalyx A. Habit. B. Floral bract, outer surface. C. Calyx. D. Corolla. E. Connectives and thecae. F. Apex of the style. G. Nutlets, dorsal (left) and ventral (right) surfaces. Illustration based on I. Solís 957; drawn by J.G. González-Gallegos.
Raw data: Local habitat factors and spatial connectivity jointly shape an urban insect community
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">As the world becomes more and more urbanized, it is increasingly important to understand the impacts of urban landscapes on biodiversity. Urbanization can change local habitat factors and decrease connectivity among local habitats, with major impacts on the structure of natural food webs. However, most studies have focused on single species, or compared rural to urban habitats, which do not inform us on how to design and manage cities to optimize biodiversity. To understand the local and spatial drivers of ecological communities within urban landscapes, we assessed the relative impact of local habitat factors (sunlight exposure and leaf litter) and spatial connectivity on an oak-associated herbivore community within an urban landscape. From the local habitat factors, leaf litter but not sunlight exposure was related to herbivore species richness, with leaf litter contributing to the maintenance of high species richness on isolated trees. Guilds and species differed strongly in their response to local habitat factors and connectivity, resulting in predictable variation in insect community composition among urban oaks. <span>Taken together, our study shows an interactive effect of local and spatial factors on species richness and species composition within an urban context, with guild- and species-specific life histories determining the response of insects to urban landscapes. </span>To maintain biodiversity in the urban landscape, preserving a dense network of local habitats is essential. Moreover, allowing leaf litter to accumulate can be a simple, cost-effective conservation management practice.</p>
FIGURE 2. A–E in Three decades to connect the sexes: Calatola microcarpa (Icacinaceae), a new species from the Southwestern Amazon
FIGURE 2. A–E. Female specimen of Calatola microcarpa Duno & J. Janovec. A) Floriferous female branch. B) Details of female inflorescence. C) Details of calyx and bract. D) Details of flower showing calyx, corolla and ovary. E) Details of flower showing the ovary and the stigma (L. Valenzuela 4202, CICY)
FIGURE 3 in Three decades to connect the sexes: Calatola microcarpa (Icacinaceae), a new species from the Southwestern Amazon
FIGURE 3. Fruits of Calatola costaricensis Standl. and Calatola microcarpa Duno & J. Janovec. A) Fruit of Calatola costaricensis with the exocarp and mesocarp removed, showing the main and secondary ribs (R. Duno s.n., CICY). B) Fruit of Calatola microcarpa
FIGURE 6 in Biogeography of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) revisited: phylogenetic patterns, historical geology and genetic connectivity
FIGURE 6. Spermann correlation between average genetic distances (GTR) and geographic distances showing no statistical support among variables.
FIGURE 5 in Biogeography of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) revisited: phylogenetic patterns, historical geology and genetic connectivity
FIGURE 5. Bayesian cladogram showing the phylogentic relationships among populations of Mimagoniates microlepis from SE and S Brazil. Orange branches represent samples from rio Iguaçu basin. Blue branches represent streams from the coastal area. Numbers in branches indicates the posterior probabilities of the clusterings for GTR distances, obtained by Monte Carlo Markov Chains. Sampled localities are the follow: PIR= rio Piraquara, Piraquara, state of Paraná; CAE= rio Caerana, Piraquara, state of Paraná; PEQ= rio Pequeno, São José dos Pinhais, state of Paraná; VAR= rio da Várzea, Lapa, state of Paraná; AGU= rio Água Verde, Canoinhas, state of Santa Catarina; MER= rio Mergulhão, Antonina, state of Paraná; RIB= rio Ribeirão, Paranaguá, state of Paraná; MON= rio Mongaguá, Mongaguá, state of São Paulo; ITA= rio Caixa d'Água, Itariri, state of São Paulo; ACA= tributary of rio Acaraí, São Francisco do Sul, state of Santa Catarina. For each locality, 10 specimens were sampled and are indicated by numbers 0-9.
FIGURE 3. A in Biogeography of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) revisited: phylogenetic patterns, historical geology and genetic connectivity
FIGURE 3. A) Distribution of the Glandulocaudinae and the topographic and tectonic features of SE South America. Double lines corresponds to the main axes of Quaternary tectonics in the area (according to Saadi, 1993; Saadi et al., 2002 and Riccomini et al. 2001) B) The same area showed within the contest of major tectonic provinces of South American Platform. I – South American Platform; II – Patagonian massif; III – Andean orogenic belt; IV – foreland basins; AM = Amazon craton; SL = São Luis craton; SF = São Francisco craton; LA = Luiz Alves craton; RP = Rio de la Plata craton; B = Borborema province; T = Tocantins province; M = Mantiqueira province; DF = Dom Feliciano belt. (Modified from Cordani et al., 2000).
FIGURE 1 in Biogeography of Glandulocaudinae (Teleostei: Characiformes: Characidae) revisited: phylogenetic patterns, historical geology and genetic connectivity
FIGURE 1. Representatives of the Glandulocaudinae and their caudal organs. A) Lophiobrycon weitzmani; paratype, LIRP 4338, photo by R.M.C. Castro; B) Glandulocauda melanogenys, uncatalogued specimens, collected at Estação Biológica de Boracéia, Rio Guaratuba basin, photo by J.C. Nolasco C) Mimagoniates microlepis, photo by R.L. Corte. Arrows indicate the caudal-fin rays 11 and 12. (modified from Menezes & Weitzman, 1990 and Castro et al. 2003).
Urbanization reduces genetic connectivity in bobcats (Lynx rufus) at both intra- and inter-population spatial scales
<p>Urbanization is a major factor driving habitat fragmentation and connectivity loss in wildlife. However, the impacts of urbanization on connectivity can vary among species and even populations due to differences in local landscape characteristics, and our ability to detect these relationships may depend on the spatial scale at which they are measured. Bobcats (<i>Lynx rufus</i>) are relatively sensitive to urbanization and the status of bobcat populations is an important indicator of connectivity in urban coastal southern California. We genotyped 271 bobcats at 13,520 SNP loci to conduct a replicated landscape resistance analysis in five genetically distinct populations. We tested urban and natural factors potentially influencing individual connectivity in each population separately, as well as study-wide. Overall, landscape genomic effects were most frequently detected at the study-wide spatial scale, with urban land cover (measured as impervious surface) having negative effects and topographic roughness having positive effects on gene flow. The negative effect of urban land cover on connectivity was also evident when populations were analyzed separately despite varying substantially in spatial area and the proportion of urban development, confirming a pervasive impact of urbanization largely independent of spatial scale. The effect of urban development was strongest in one population where stream habitat had been lost to development, suggesting that riparian corridors may help mitigate reduced connectivity in urbanizing areas. Our results demonstrate the importance of replicating landscape genetic analyses across populations and considering how landscape genetic effects may vary with spatial scale and local landscape structure.</p>
Identifying contributors to PM2.5 simulation biases of chemical transport model using fully connected neural networks
<p>The processed data and codes in the study are included. </p> <p><strong>Source data:</strong></p> <p>The training and testing dataset is composed of observed and simulated data of pollutants and meteorology in the BTH and YRD regions in the whole year of 2015. The processed datasets used for training are named as "dataset_BTH" and "dataset_YRD" in the folder.</p> <ul> <li><em>The hourly observed pollution data</em> are from China National Urban Air Quality Real-time Release Platform of the National Environmental Monitoring Station</li> <li><em>The hourly simulated pollutants data</em> comes from the output of WRF-CMAQv5.2 (spatial resolution of 27 km).</li> <li><em>Meteorological observation data</em> is provided by China Meteorological Data Service Centre</li> <li><em>The meteorological simulation data</em> comes from the simulation results of the WRF model</li> </ul> <p><strong>Codes:</strong></p> <ul> <li>preprocessing of raw CMAQ data, observed pollution data and meteorological data</li> <li>bulid and train process of fully connected neural networks</li> <li>calculation of correlation between variables</li> <li>feature selection method</li> <li>contribution analysis</li> </ul>
FIGURE 4 in Fishes as living tracers of connectivity in the tropical western North Atlantic: I. Distribution of the neon gobies, genus Elacatinus (Pisces: Gobiidae)
FIGURE 4. Geographic distribution of Suite 2 Elacatinus: coral-dwelling, cleaning species with subterminal mouth position.
FIGURE 3 in Fishes as living tracers of connectivity in the tropical western North Atlantic: I. Distribution of the neon gobies, genus Elacatinus (Pisces: Gobiidae)
FIGURE 3. Tropical western North Atlantic species of Suite 2 Elacatinus: coral-dwelling, cleaning species with subterminal mouth position. A. Elacatinus sp. 1 (Cayman Islands), B. E. genie (Bahamas), C. E. randalli (photo J.E. Randall), D. E. prochilos (Barbados).
FIGURE 2 in Fishes as living tracers of connectivity in the tropical western North Atlantic: I. Distribution of the neon gobies, genus Elacatinus (Pisces: Gobiidae)
FIGURE 2. Geographic distribution of Suite 1 Elacatinus: coral-dwelling, cleaning species with inferior mouth position.
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.