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opencc-zeroJul 2022View details →

Alarm cues and alarmed conspecifics: Neural activity during social learning from different cues in Trinidadian guppies

Learning to respond appropriately to novel dangers is often essential to survival and success, but carries risks. Learning about novel threats from others (social learning) can reduce these risks. Many species, including the Trinidadian guppy (Poecilia reticulata), respond defensively to both conspecific chemical alarm cues and conspecifix anti-predator behaviours, and in other fish such social information can lead to a learned aversion to novel threats. However, relatively little is known about the neural substrates underlying social learning and the degree to which different forms of learning share similar neural mechanisms. Here, we explored the neural substrates mediating social learning of novel threats from two different conspecific cues (i.e. social cue-based threat learning). We first demonstrated that guppies rapidly learn about threats paired with either alarm cues or with conspecific threat responses (demonstration). Then, focusing on acquisition rather than recall, we discovered that phospho-S6 expression, a marker of neural activity, was elevated in guppies during learning from alarm cues in the putative homologue of the mammalian lateral septum and the preoptic area. Surprisingly, these changes in neural activity were not observed in fish learning from conspecific demonstration. Together, these results implicate forebrain areas in social learning about threat but raise the possibility that circuits contribute to such learning in a stimulus-specific manner.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

International Journal of Social Research Methods: 25th Anniversary Editorial bonus material (methods and data)

This dataset accompanies the 25th Anniversary Editorial bonus material (methods and data) of the International Journal of Social Research Methods. https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/tsrm20/collections/TSRM_25th_Anniversary_SI

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2010View details →

Entrevista sobre redes sociales

Juan José de Haro nos cuenta sus opiniones y experiencia sobre el uso didáctico de las redes sociales.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Intersexual social dominance mimicry drives female hummingbird polymorphism DATA_CODE

Contains all relevant data and code for analyses and figures used in "Intersexual social dominance mimicry drives female hummingbird polymorphism" by Jay J. Falk, Dustin R. Rubenstein, Alejandro Rico-Guevara, Michael S. Webster. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 2022.

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data to: Carotenoids-based reddish pelvic spines in non-reproducing female and male sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) – signalling social dominance?

Conspicuous ornaments are often considered a result of evolution by sexual selection. According to the social selection hypothesis, such conspicuous traits may also evolve as badges of status associated with increased boldness or aggression towards conspecifics in conflicts about ecological resources. This study tested predictions from the social selection hypothesis to explain evolution of conspicuous red colour of the pelvic spines of the three-spine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Wild non-reproducing sticklebacks were presented to pairs of dummies which differed at their pelvic spines, having either (i) normal sized grey or red pelvic spines, or (ii) normal sized grey or large red pelvic spines. The experimental tank was illuminated by white or green light, since green light impedes the sticklebacks' ability to detect red colour. The dummies moved slowly around in circles at each end of the experimental tank. We quantified the parameters (i) which of the two dummies was visited first, (ii) time taken before the first visit to a dummy, (iii) distribution of the focal sticklebacks in the two zones close to each of the two dummies and in the neutral zone of the tank, (iv) close to which of the two dummies did the focal fish eat its first food-piece, and (v) time spent until the first piece of food was eaten. This was carried out for 22 females and 29 males sticklebacks. The results suggested no effect of the colour or size of the dummies' pelvic spines, on none of the five behavioural parameters. Moreover, neither the colour of the pelvic spines of the focal sticklebacks themselves (as opposed to redness of the dummies' spines) or their body length was associated with behaviour towards the dummies. Thus, this study did not support predictions from the social selection hypothesis to explain evolution of red pelvic spines in sticklebacks.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2022View details →

Videos of nests of Harpagoxenus sublaevis and Leptothorax acervorum containing Leptothorax acervorum workers transferred as pupae into different social environments i.e. colonies

Ant collection and colony maintenance Colonies of the hosts Leptothorax acervorum and L. muscorum and the dulotic ant Harpagoxenus sublaevis were collected in July 2020 close to Nuremberg, Germany (49.345592, 11.258971 and 49.413857, 11.026181). At the University of Mainz, ants were transferred to plastered nest boxes containing artificial nest sites consisting of a Plexiglas cavity sandwiched between two microscope slides (7.5 cm x 2.5 cm x 0.5 cm) covered with a red foil and kept at 18°C with a 12:12 light: dark cycle. Ants were fed with crickets and honey every fourth day and provided with water ad libitum. Experimental manipulation For our experiment, we selected ten colonies of L. acervorum and five colonies each of L. muscorum and H. sublaevis. Colonies were assigned to one of five replicates, each replicate containing one colony for each of the four treatments. We prepared experimental colonies by standardizing colony size to one queen, 15 small larvae and 30 adult workers (15 inside + 15 outside workers). Adult workers were marked with a thin metal wire between thorax and abdomen (0.02 mm diameter, Elektrisola, red) to allow distinguishing them from our focal newly emerged workers. We removed 24 pupae from each L. acervorum colony, of which six were returned to the natal colony (referred to as “original” treatment), and six each were transferred into another L. acervorum colony (“conspecific” treatment), into an L. muscorum colony (“heterospecific” treatment) and a colony of H. sublaevis (“parasitic” treatment). For the parasitic treatment, we standardized the number of host workers to 60 as described above, but additionally added all H. sublaevis ants (18.4 ± 13.56 adult female individuals). Workers of these obligate social parasites do not take over worker chores, such as brood care and foraging, which are outsourced to host workers. Unfortunately, worker pupae from two of our replicates did not develop into adult workers in sufficient numbers, so that we focused our transcriptomic analyses on workers from the remaining three replicates. Moreover, all L. acervorum pupae transferred into L. muscorum colonies (“heterospecific” treatment) were either killed or expelled from the colony or did not emerge into workers (Survival: Kruskal-Wallis p = 0.05; Rejection (pupae outside the nest over the first three days): Kruskal-Wallis p < 0.001, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Parasitic p = 0.016, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Conspecific p = 0.012, Wilcoxon Heterospecific-Original p = 0.004) indicating that L. muscorum not only recognise L. acervorum pupae, but also eliminate them from their colonies. While we were unable to include this heterospecific treatment thus in our analyses, the number of transferred individuals still alive at the end of the experiment did not differ between the remaining treatments (Kruskal-Wallis: p = 0.34). Rejection was calculated as the number of pupae outside the nest over the first three days. Behavioural observations About 10 weeks (63-69 days) after the emergence of the first worker, colonies were transferred to 22°C and the red foil from their glass nest was removed to allow workers to adapt to light. The next day, the slide nest was transferred to a fluon-treated arena (3 cm x 7.5 cm) and each colony was filmed for 100 min in 4k using a SONY FDR-AX33 camera under a Leica KL1500 LED light.

opencc-by-2.0Aug 2022View details →

Dataset Chart Hours Television Digital Social Intervention Chicago & Los Angeles Research PhD

Dataset chart Quantitative Information Social Issues Racial Mental Emotional PhD Dr.David Render Solving Categorizing Identifying Social Issues Human Impact In Part National Case Studies  Chicagoland Business & Los Angeles Economic Territories

opencc-zeroAug 2022View details →

Data for: Social-ecological vulnerability of fishing communities to climate change: a U.S. West Coast case study

Climate change is already impacting coastal communities, and ongoing and future shifts in fisheries species productivity from climate change have implications for the livelihoods and cultures of coastal communities. Harvested marine species in the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem support U.S. West Coast communities economically, socially, and culturally. Ecological vulnerability assessments exist for individual species in the California Current but ecological and human vulnerability are linked and vulnerability is expected to vary by community. Here, we present automatable, reproducible methods for assessing the vulnerability of U.S. West Coast fishing-dependent communities to climate change within a social-ecological vulnerability framework. We first assessed the ecological risk of marine resources, on which fishing communities rely, to 50 years of climate change projections. We then combined this with the adaptive capacity of fishing communities, based on social indicators, to assess the potential ability of communities to cope with future changes. Specific communities (particularly in Washington state) were determined to be at risk to climate change mainly due to economic reliance on at risk marine fisheries species, like salmon, hake, or sea urchins. But, due to higher social adaptive capacity, these communities were often not found to be the most vulnerable overall. Conversely, certain communities that were not the most at risk, ecologically and economically, ranked in the category of highly vulnerable communities due to low adaptive capacity based on social indicators (particularly in Southern California). Certain communities were both ecologically at risk due to catch composition and socially vulnerable (low adaptive capacity) leading to the highest tier of vulnerability. The integration of climatic, ecological, economic, and societal data reveals that factors underlying vulnerability are variable across fishing communities on the U.S West Coast, and suggests the need to develop a variety of well-aligned strategies to adapt to the ecological impacts of climate change.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Measurement of Social Strain in People with Dementia: A Pre-liminary Study of the Reliability and Validity of the Negative Relationship Quality Questionnaire in Indonesia

People with dementia (PWD) may exhibit symptoms that negatively affect their relationships with their families or friends which could cause social strain. The Negative Relationship Quality (NRQ) questionnaire can be used to measure social strain in PWD. There has never been an Indonesian adaptation of the NRQ. This preliminary study aimed to measure the validity and reliability of the NRQ among PWD in Indonesia (NRQ-INA). This study used a cross-sectional design. Forward–backward translation methods were conducted first. Pearson’s correlation and factor analysis were employed for the validity test. Cronbach’s alpha and test–retest were used to determine reliability. The NRQ-INA has four parallel items related to social strain that are divided into three subscales and asked to spouse/partner, family members, and friends, leading to a total of 12 questions. The results of validity testing from 60 respondents showed that all items in the NRQ-INA were strongly valid with correlation coefficients (r) of >0.8 (p<0.01). Factor analysis showed a convergence with the variance explained of more than 50% for all items in each subscale, which also indicated that NRQ-INA had acceptable construct validity to measure social strain. Cronbach’s alpha values (α) were 0.926, 0.942, and 0.938 for the subscales of spouse, friends, and family members, respectively. The correlations of test–retest reliability for all items were >0.7 (p<0.01), demonstrating a reliable NRQ-INA measurement. In conclusion, NRQ-INA had a good validity and reliability to measure social strain in PWD. Further study of the concurrent validity among PWD is still needed.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Monitoring the opioid epidemic via social media discussions

The opioid epidemic persists in the United States; in 2020, annual drug overdose deaths increased by 29% to 91,799, including 68,630 opioid-related deaths. The widespread abuse of opioids across geographies and demographics and the rapidly changing dynamics of abuse require reliable and timely information to monitor and address the crisis. Social media platforms include petabytes of participant-generated data that offers a window into the relationship between individuals and their use of drugs. We assessed the utility of Reddit data for public health surveillance, with a focus on the opioid epidemic. We built a natural language processing pipeline to identify opioid-related comments and created a cohort of 1,689,039 geo-located Reddit users, each assigned to a city and state. We followed these users over a period of 10+ years and measured their opioid-related activity over time. We benchmarked the activity of this cohort against CDC overdose death rates for different drug classes and NFLIS drug report rates. Our Reddit-derived rates of opioid discussion strongly correlated with external benchmarks on the national, regional, and city level. During the period of our study, kratom emerged as an active discussion topic; we analyzed mentions of kratom to understand the dynamics of its use. We also examined changes in opioid discussions during the COVID-19 pandemic; in 2020, many opioid classes showed marked increases in discussion patterns. Our work suggests the complementary utility of social media as a part of public health surveillance activities.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

Associations of adverse maternal experiences and diabetes on postnatal maternal depression and child social-emotional outcomes in a South African community cohort

Previous literature has identified associations between diabetes during pregnancy and postnatal maternal depression. Both maternal conditions are associated with adverse consequences on childhood development. Despite an especially high prevalence of diabetes during pregnancy and maternal postnatal depression in low- and middle-income countries, related research predominates in high-income countries. In a South African cohort with or without diabetes, we investigated associations between adverse maternal experiences with postnatal maternal depression and child social-emotional outcomes. South African mother-child dyads were recruited from the Bishop Lavis community in Cape Town. Participants consisted of 82 mother-child dyads (53 women had GDM or type 2 diabetes). At 14–20 months postpartum, maternal self-report questionnaires were administered to assess household socioeconomic status, food insecurity, maternal depressive symptoms (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)), maternal trauma (Life Events Checklist), and child social-emotional development (Brief Infant Toddler Social Emotional Assessment, Ages and Stages Questionnaires: Social-Emotional, Second Edition). Lower educational attainment, lower household income, food insecurity, living without a partner, and having experienced physical assault were each associated with postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and clinical maternal depression (EPDS ≥ 13). Maternal postnatal depression, lower maternal educational attainment, lower household income, household food insecurity, and living in a single-parent household were each associated with child social-emotional problems. Stratified analyses revealed maternal experiences (education, income, food insecurity, trauma) were associated with postnatal maternal depressive symptoms and child social-emotional problems only among dyads with in utero exposure to diabetes. Women with pre-existing diabetes or gestational diabetes in LMIC settings should be screened for health-related social needs to reduce the prevalence of depression and to promote child social-emotional development.

Figure 5 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps

Figure 5. Ordering by Detrended Correspondence Analyses (Axes 1 and 2) based on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the samples of the 3 species whose colonies were nested in two types of environments. The points on Axis 1, between 0 and 50 on the left, represent compounds more characteristic of samples from more anthropized environments and between 100 and 150 on the right, from less anthropized environments.

Figure 4 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps

Figure 4. Similarity dendrogram based on the cuticular hydrocarbon profile of the samples of the 3 species whose colonies were nested in two types of environments. Pentagon: more anthropized areas. Star: less anthropized areas.

Figure 3 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps

Figure 3. Bar charts showing the relative abundance and number of compounds belonging to the different classes of cuticular hydrocarbons present in the samples of Polistes versicolor (A), Polybia paulista (B) and Polybia occidentalis (C) whose colonies were nesting in more anthropized environments (black box) and less anthropized (white box). LA = Linear Alkanes, BA = Branched Alkanes, AK = Alkenes, ALD = Alkadienes.

Figure 2 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps

Figure 2. Similarity dendrogram generated based on the percentages of different types of land use in the municipalities where the colonies of the 3 species of social wasps were sampled. Pentagon: more anthropized areas. Star: less anthropized areas. DDS1: Dourados point 1; DDS2: Dourados point 2; IVIN: Ivinhema; MN1: Mundo Novo point 1; MN2: Mundo Novo point 2; PP: Ponta Porã.

Figure 1 in Anthropic action affects the cuticular chemical profile of social wasps

Figure 1. Satellite image showing the places in the municipalities where the colonies of the 3 social wasp species were nesting and, the percentages (pie charts) of the different types of land use and occupation (adapted from the IBGE, 2013 definition). Number 1 and 2 indicates the two collection points in the same city.

opencc-by-4.0Sep 2022View details →

Impact of a pulmonary rehabilitation program on social disadvantage and physical activity data of postCOVID19 patients: A North-African pilot study

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN <ul> <li>In post-acute COVID19, many patients still manifest symptoms for weeks and months.</li> <li>Psychological manifestations are prevalent and persisting in recovered COVID19 patients.</li> <li>Indeed, COVID19 was reported to possibly lead to symptoms of depression and anxiety, and to alter health-related quality of life (HRQoL).</li> <li>Physical activity has been proven to be effective in improving both mental and physical health.</li> <li>Thus, COVID19 patients could benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation program (PRP).</li> <li>Many studies related the effects of a standard PRP on physical activity and HRQoL in post COVID19 patients. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no study evaluated the physical activity and social disadvantage of patients who were hospitalized for COVID19 in a low income country.</li> <li>This paper is the second part of a cross sectional study that aimed to evaluate the impact of a PRP on social disadvantage (physical activity, hospital anxiety and depression (HAD), HRQoL) data of Tunisian patients with postCOVID19.</li> </ul> WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS <ul> <li>The present North African study demonstrated that a PRP improved HRQoL, HAD, and physical activity data of Tunisian COVID19 patients.</li> <li>For instance, the means of the functional, psychological and relation dimensions, and the VQ11 total score (ie; main outcome) decreased significantly by 1.79, 2.00, 1.57, and 5.36 points. In addition, the means of the HAD anxiety and depression scores decreased significantly by 2.07, and 2.57 points, respectively, and the means of the physical activity and total scores improved significantly by 1.75 and 1.78 points, respectively.</li> <li>To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first African and Arab study investigating the impact of a PRP on postcovid19 patients in terms of social disadvantages and physical activity.</li> <li> </li> </ul> <ul> <li>This study confirms that an outpatient PRP program improves physical activity, psychological status and HRQoL in the management of postCOVID19 patients.</li> </ul>

opencc-zeroOct 2022View details →

Data from: The viewer doesn't always seem to care - response to fake animal rescues on YouTube and implications for social media self-policing policies

Animal-related content on social media is hugely popular but is not always appropriate in terms of how animals are portrayed or how they are treated. This has potential implications beyond the individual animals involved, for viewers, for wild animal populations, and for societies and their interactions with animals. Whilst social media platforms usually publish guidelines for permitted content, enforcement relies at least in part on viewers reporting inappropriate posts. Currently, there is no external regulation of social media platforms. Based on a set of 241 "fake animal rescue" videos that exhibited clear signs of animal cruelty and strong evidence of being deliberately staged (i.e. fake), we found little evidence that viewers disliked the videos and an overall mixed response in terms of awareness of the fake nature of the videos, and their attitudes towards the welfare of the animals involved. Our findings suggest, firstly, that despite the narrowly defined nature of the videos used in this case study, exposure rates can be extremely high (one of the videos had been viewed over 100 million times), and, secondly, that many YouTube viewers cannot identify (or are not concerned by) animal welfare or conservation issues within a social media context. In terms of the current policy approach of social media platforms, our findings raise questions regarding the value of their current reliance on consumers as watch dogs.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2022View details →

Data files for Rivollat et al "Extensive pedigrees reveal the social organisation of a Neolithic community"

Supporting data for Rivollat et al "Extensive pedigrees reveal social organisation of Neolithic communities" Nature (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06350-8 Binomial_distribution_plots.zip > 4371 files IBD_degrees.zip > 11 files Strontium_individual_files.zip > 56 files