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Figure 3 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 3 Common macroinvertebrate taxa found in Gcwihaba cave (photos by R. Mazebedi). A Cave cockroach (Gyna sp.) in family BlaberidaeB cave cricket (likely Spelaeiacris sp.) in the family RhaphidophoridaeC darkling beetle (Eurychora sp.) in the family TenebrionidaeD violin spider (Loxosceles sp.) in the family Sicariidae.
Figure 1 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 1 Location of Gcwihaba hills in Botswana indicated by a red triangle (Reprinted from Robbins et al. 1996 with permission from Lawrence Robbins).
Figure 7 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 7 A CCA biplot of the relationships between cave macroinvertebrate taxa (triangles), sampling points (filled circles) and the measured environmental (variables lines with arrows). Environmental variables are presented as vectors, with arrow heads indicating their direction of increase. A positive correlation between the environmental variables and macroinvertebrate taxa and sampling points is indicated by their proximity to the arrowhead. Taxa and sampling points with a negative correlation with the variable axis plot on the opposite side of the arrowhead relative to the centroid, with the correlation strength increasing with distance of the symbols from the centroid.
Figure 5 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 5 Proportion of the four most abundant macroinvertebrate taxa along a 50 m transact into Gcwihaba cave.
Figure 4 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 4 Variation of the abundance and diversity of terrestrial macroinvertebrate samples with respect to distance into Gcwihaba cave, including all samples collected at each site, samples collected only from the floor at each site and samples collected only from the cave walls at each site.
Figure 2 from: Mazebedi R, Hesselberg T (2020) A preliminary survey of the abundance, diversity and distribution of terrestrial macroinvertebrates of Gcwihaba cave, northwest Botswana. Subterranean Biology 35: 49-63. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.51445
Figure 2 The plan view of Gcwihaba cave (also known as Drotsky's cave) showing its chambers, the approximate position of cave sites surveyed for this study and other internal features (Modified from Dandurand et al. 2019, with permission from Gregory Dandurand).
Ecological specialization and niche overlap of subterranean rodents inferred from DNA metabarcoding diet analysis
<p>Knowledge of how animal species use food resources available in the environment increases our understanding of ecological processes. However, obtaining this information using traditional methods is a hard task for species feeding on a large variety of food items in highly diverse environments. We amplified the DNA of plants for 306 scat and 40 soil samples, and applied an eDNA metabarcoding approach to investigate food preferences, degree of diet specialization and diet overlap of seven herbivore rodent species of the <i>Ctenomys</i> genus distributed in southern and midwestern Brazil.<b> </b>The metabarcoding approach revealed that species consume more than 60% of the plant families recovered in soil samples, indicating generalist feeding habits of ctenomyids. The Poaceae family was the most common food resource retrieved in scats of all species as well in soil samples. Niche overlap analysis indicated high overlap in the plant families and Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units consumed, mainly among the southern species.<b> </b>Interspecific difference in diet composition was influenced, among other factors, by the availability of resources in the environment. In addition, our results provide support for the hypothesis that the allopatric distributions of ctenomyids allow them to exploit the same range of resources when available, possibly because of the absence of interspecific competition.</p>
Figure 3 from: Arbea JI, Pérez Fernández T (2020) A new species and a new record of Hypogastrura (Collembola, Hypogastruridae) from Miguel Ángel Blanco shaft (Jaén, Spain). Subterranean Biology 35: 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.54257
Figure 3 Hypogastrura herrerosvelai sp. nov A, B dorsal chaetotaxy C, D ventral chaetotaxy. Scale: 0.2 mm.
Figure 2 from: Arbea JI, Pérez Fernández T (2020) A new species and a new record of Hypogastrura (Collembola, Hypogastruridae) from Miguel Ángel Blanco shaft (Jaén, Spain). Subterranean Biology 35: 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.54257
Figure 2 "Miguel Ángel Blanco" shaft A environment in the Sierra de las Villas karst (Photo by G.E.V.) B sampling work in the shaft (Photo by G.E.V.).
Figure 1 from: Arbea JI, Pérez Fernández T (2020) A new species and a new record of Hypogastrura (Collembola, Hypogastruridae) from Miguel Ángel Blanco shaft (Jaén, Spain). Subterranean Biology 35: 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.54257
Figure 1 "Miguel Ángel Blanco" shaft A location map of Morrón del Cerezo peak, Sierra de las Villas, where the shaft is located B shaft profile, and location of the pitfall traps at -20 m bgl (after G.E.V.).
Figure 9 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 9 Phylogenetic relationship among Nesticus latiscapus (= red), N. kosodensis stat. nov. (= green), and other closely-related species from the same geographic area (=black) inferred from ML analysis of COI partial sequence. Branch lengths are scaled in relation to the number of substitutions per site. Numbers at nodes denote maximum likelihood bootstrap support.
Figure 8 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 8 Type material of the species discussed in this work. Nesticus kosodensis stat. nov.: a palp of the holotype, ventral view b epigyne of the paratype, ventral view; N. latiscapus: c palp of the holotype, ventral view d epigyne of the paratype, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 4 from: Arbea JI, Pérez Fernández T (2020) A new species and a new record of Hypogastrura (Collembola, Hypogastruridae) from Miguel Ángel Blanco shaft (Jaén, Spain). Subterranean Biology 35: 65-78. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.54257
Figure 4 Hypogastrura herrerosvelai sp. nov. A ant. III-IV chaetotaxy B PAO and eyes C labium (A–E labial papillae) D maxillary palp E labrum F axial chaetotaxy and granulation on Abd. V G, H anal spines in lateral (G) and dorsal (H) view I Dens and mucro J Tibiotarsus and claw III. Scales: 0.03 mm (10, 12, 14–19), 0.02 mm (11, 13).
Figure 5 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 5 Male palp of N. latiscapus from Saiko Bat Cave. a Ventral view b dorsal view c ventro-retrolateral view d retrolateral view e ventro-prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 4 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 4 Female genitalia of N. kosodensis stat. nov. from Odaki area. a, c Epigyne, ventral view b, d vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 3 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 3 Male palp of N. kosodensis stat. nov. (illustrated): a ventral view b dorsal view c ventro-retrolateral view d retrolateral view e ventro-prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 2 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 2 Male palp of N. kosodensis stat. nov. from Odaki area: a ventral view b dorsal view c ventro-retrolateral view d retrolateral view e ventro-prolateral view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
Figure 10 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 10 Distribution of Nesticus kosodensis stat. nov. (green dots) and N. latiscapus (red dots) in Japan. Stars show the type localities of the species.
Figure 1 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 1 Habitus of Nesticus kosodensis stat. nov. and N. latiscapus. a, bN. kosodensis stat. nov. adult male c ditto, adult female dN. latiscapus, adult male e ditto, adult female. Scale bars: 1 mm.
Figure 7 from: Suzuki Y, Ballarin F (2020) Nesticus kosodensis Yaginuma, 1972 bona species. Molecular and morphological separation from N. latiscapus Yaginuma, 1972 with notes on cave scaffold-web spiders subspecies in Japan (Araneae, Nesticidae). Subterranean Biology 35: 79-96. https://doi.org/10.3897/subtbiol.35.53933
Figure 7 Female genitalia of N. latiscapus from Saiko Bat Cave. a, c Epigyne, ventral view b, d vulva, dorsal view. Scale bars: 0.2 mm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.