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4,563 results for “correlations”
Data from: Temporal scale of environmental correlations affects ecological synchrony
Population densities of a species, measured in different locations are often correlated over time, a phenomenon referred to as synchrony. Synchrony results from dispersal of individuals among locations and spatially correlated environmental variation, among other causes. Synchrony is often measured by a correlation coefficient. However, synchrony can vary with timescale. We demonstrate theoretically and experimentally that the timescale-specificity of environmental correlation affects the overall magnitude and timescale-specificity of synchrony, and that these effects are modified by population dispersal. Our laboratory experiments linked populations of flour beetles by changes in habitat size and dispersal. Linear filter theory, applied to a metapopulation model for the experimental system, predicted the observed timescale-specific effects. The timescales at which environmental covariation occurs can affect the population dynamics of species in fragmented habitats.
Data from: Clinical correlation between erectile function and ejaculatory function in the Czech male population
Introduction The objective of this study is to determine whether there is any relationship between erectile function (EF) and ejaculatory function (EJF), with the aim of improving care protocols in the clinical practice. Materials and methods A total of 1004 Czech males between 15 and 84 years (42.77 ± 17.556 years) completed a sexual behavior questionnaire. A correlational, between-subjects design was used, where a 5-item abbreviated form of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) was used to measure EF, which produces a value between 5 and 25. Values greater than 21 are considered as a normal function. EJF was measured using the Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE). IPE has three domains (Control, Satisfaction and Distress) with scores from 0 to 100, higher ones are associated with a greater control and satisfaction, and lower anxiety, all related to the perception of ejaculation. A linear regression analysis was performed and a statistics model was proposed for each domain with EF as a dependent variable and the specific EF domain as a predictor. The Pearson correlation coefficient was also calculated for these variables. Results EF scale mean value was 19,44 ± 2,368, control domain mean value was 80,98 ± 18,032; sexual satisfaction domain mean value was 78,07 ± 21,454; and distress domain mean value was 74,85 ± 34,498. The results indicate that all linear regression models between EF and each of the domain of EJF and the Pearson coefficients (r) are statistically significant (p<0.05). Control r=0,478, p=.001, Satisfaction r=0,405, p=.001 and Distress r=0,324, p=.002. Conclusions Higher levels of EF are associated with a better control and sexual satisfaction, and less distress about ejaculation. This link should be considered for developing new clinical practice guidelines for erectile dysfunction and premature ejaculation.
Data from: Characterizing the reproductive transcriptomic correlates of acute dehydration in males in the desert-adapted rodent, Peromyscus eremicus
Background: The understanding of genomic and physiological mechanisms related to how organisms living in extreme environments survive and reproduce is an outstanding question facing evolutionary and organismal biologists. One interesting example of adaptation is related to the survival of mammals in deserts, where extreme water limitation is common. Research on desert rodent adaptations has focused predominantly on adaptations related to surviving dehydration, while potential reproductive physiology adaptations for acute and chronic dehydration have been relatively neglected. This study aims to explore the reproductive consequences of acute dehydration by utilizing RNAseq data in the desert-specialized cactus mouse (Peromyscus eremicus). Results: We exposed 22 male cactus mice to either acute dehydration or control (fully hydrated) treatment conditions, quasimapped testes-derived reads to a cactus mouse testes transcriptome, and then evaluated patterns of differential transcript and gene expression. Following statistical evaluation with multiple analytical pipelines, nine genes were consistently differentially expressed between the hydrated and dehydrated mice. We hypothesized that male cactus mice would exhibit minimal reproductive responses to dehydration; therefore, this low number of differentially expressed genes between treatments aligns with current perceptions of this species' extreme desert specialization. However, these differentially expressed genes include Insulin-like 3 (Insl3), a regulator of male fertility and testes descent, as well as the solute carriers Slc45a3 and Slc38a5, which are membrane transport proteins that may facilitate osmoregulation. Conclusions: These results suggest that in male cactus mice, acute dehydration may be linked to reproductive modulation via Insl3, but not through gene expression differences in the subset of other a priori tested reproductive hormones. Although water availability is a reproductive cue in desert-rodents exposed to chronic drought, potential reproductive modification via Insl3 in response to acute water-limitation is a result which is unexpected in an animal capable of surviving and successfully reproducing year-round without available external water sources. Indeed, this work highlights the critical need for integrative research that examines every facet of organismal adaptation, particularly in light of global climate change, which is predicted, amongst other things, to increase climate variability, thereby exposing desert animals more frequently to the acute drought conditions explored here.
Data from: Genetic correlations among developmental and contextual behavioral plasticity in Drosophila melanogaster
Correlations among traits, including behaviors, are important because traits that are genetically correlated may not evolve independently. Recently, behavioral correlations research has expanded to include correlations not only in mean-level behaviors, but also in behavioral plasticity, i.e., the degree to which individuals change their behavior in response to environmental stimuli. Positive correlations among behavioral plasticities would imply that individuals or genotypes that are behaviorally plastic in one way may also be plastic in other ways; negative correlations could imply tradeoffs. Here, we examine aversive odor conditioning (learning) at two time points, and plasticity in pupation site selection behavior across substrates, in a panel of Drosophila genotypes. These behaviors represent different types of behavioral plasticity: contextual plasticity describes behavioral responses to stimuli that are currently present, while developmental plasticity describes behavioral responses to remembered experiences with stimuli in the recent past. We find that learning scores and plasticity in pupation site selection behavior are positively genetically correlated, representing the first example of a genetic correlation between developmental and contextual plasticity. These findings imply that ecological and evolutionary theories focusing on variation in a single dimension of behavioral plasticity may be incomplete.
Data from: Recent admixture generates heterozygosity-fitness correlations during the range expansion of an invading species
Admixture, the mixing of historically isolated gene pools, can have immediate consequences for the genetic architecture of fitness traits. Admixture may be especially important for newly colonized populations, such as during range expansion and species invasions, by generating heterozygosity that can boost fitness through heterosis. Despite widespread evidence for admixture during species invasions, few studies have examined the demographic history leading to admixture, how admixture affects the heterozygosity and fitness of invasive genotypes, and whether such fitness effects are maintained through time. We address these questions using the invasive plant Silene vulgaris, which shows evidence of admixture in both its native Europe and in North America where it has invaded. Using multilocus genotype data in conjunction with approximate Bayesian computation analysis of demographic history, we showed that admixture during the invasion of North America was independent from and much younger than admixture in the native range of Europe. We tested for fitness consequences of admixture in each range and detected a significant positive heterozygosity–fitness correlation (HFC) in North America; in contrast, no HFC was present in Europe. The lack of HFC in Europe may reflect the longer time since admixture in the native range, dissipating associations between heterozygosity at markers and fitness loci. Our results support a key short-term role for admixture during the early stages of invasion by generating HFCs that carry populations past the threat of extinction from inbreeding and demographic stochasticity.
FIGURE 6 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 6. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) plots for males and females together, including Georgian specimens. Specimens, sample centroids and group perimeters are represented. For details, percentage of variance explained, and other data, see text.
FIGURE 3 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 3. UPGMA trees (males) derived from Mahalanobis' distances among sample centroids. See text for interpretation.
FIGURE 8 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 8. Box Plots of dorsalia values in different populations of the D, clarkorum/dryada studied (numbers of samples as in Material and Methods): 1) Sümela, 2) Çataldere, 3) Hemşin, 4) Ayder, 5) Hatila Plateau, 6) Ortacalar 7) Subaşı & Yoldere (Turkish "dryada"), 8) Cankurtaran Pass, 9) Karagöl, 10) Charnaly River Gorge (Georgian D. dryada). The center is the median, the length of the rectangle is the interquartile range (from the 25th to the 75th percentile) and represents the central 50% of data. Line is the spread from minimum to maximum values. Green point is a severe outlier.
FIGURE 2 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 2. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) plots for males. Specimens, sample centroids and group perimeters are represented. For details, percentage of variance explained, and other data, see text.
FIGURE 5 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 5. UPGMA trees (females) derived from Mahalanobis' distances among sample centroids. See text for interpretation.
FIGURE 1. Map showing the localities from where specimens have been studied. 1 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 1. Map showing the localities from where specimens have been studied. 1. Sümela, Maçka, Trabzon, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 2. Çataldere, Kaptanpaşa, Rize, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 3. 11 km southwest of Hemşin, Rize, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 4. Ayder Plateau, Çamlıhemşin, Rize, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 5. Hatila Plateau, Artvin, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 6. 16 km northeast of Ortacalar, Arhavi, Artvin, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 7. Subaşı Village, Hopa, Artvin, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 8. Cankurtaran, Hopa, Artvin, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 9. Karagöl, Borçka, Artvin, northeastern Anatolia, Turkey, 10. Charnaly, Georgia
FIGURE 4 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 4. Canonical Discriminant Analysis (CDA) plots for females. Specimens, sample centroids and group perimeters are represented. For details, percentage of variance explained, and other data, see text.
FIGURE 9 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 9. Plot showing the inverse relationship between altitude and dorsalia mean values in the studied D. clarkorum/D. dryada populations (Spearman Rank Correlation coefficient: ρ = -0.72; P=0.01).
FIGURE 7 in Multivariate analysis of geographic variation in Darevskia clarkorum (Darevsky & Vedmederja, 1977), correlation with geographic and climatic parameters, and true status of Darevskia dryada (Darevsky & Tuniyev, 1997)
FIGURE 7. UPGMA trees derived from Mahalanobis' distances among sample centroids. See text for interpretation (males and females together, Turkey and Georgia).
Data from: Broad thermal tolerance is negatively correlated with virulence in an opportunistic bacterial pathogen
Predicting the effects of global increase in temperatures on disease virulence is challenging, especially for environmental opportunistic bacteria, because pathogen fitness may be differentially affected by temperature within and outside host environment. So far, there is very little empirical evidence on the connections between optimal temperature range and virulence in environmentally growing pathogens. Here we explored if the virulence of an environmentally growing opportunistic fish pathogen, Flavobacterium columnare, is malleable to evolutionary changes via correlated selection on thermal tolerance. To this end, we experimentally quantified the thermal performance curves (TPCs) for maximum biomass of 49 F. columnare isolates from eight different geographic locations in Finland over ten years (2003-2012). We also characterized virulence profiles of these strains in a zebra-fish (Danio rerio) infection model. We show that virulence among the strains increased over the years, but tolerance to higher temperatures was negatively associated with virulence. Our data suggest that temperature has a strong effect on the pathogen genetic diversity, and therefore presumably also on disease dynamics. However, the observed increase in frequency and severity of F. columnare epidemics over the last decade cannot be directly linked to bacterial evolution due to increased mean temperature, but is most likely associated with factors related to increased length of growing season, or other time dependent change in environment. Our study demonstrates that complex interactions between the host, the pathogen and the environment influence disease virulence of environmentally growing opportunistic pathogen.
Strong and weak cross-sex correlations govern the quantitative-genetic architecture of social group choice in Drosophila melanogaster
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>When genotypes differ in niche-constructing traits, genotypes are expected to differ in which environments they experience, providing a novel causal relationship between genotypes, environments, and behavior. Such genetic variation in niche construction (or, more precisely, environment construction) is predicted to be especially important for social environments, yet the quantitative-genetic parameters governing such variation is still poorly understood. Here, we examine genetic variation and cross-sex genetic correlations for social environment-constructing behaviors. We focus on whether genetic variation in patch use—the tendency to spend time near food patches where conspecifics may be present—and group-size preference—the specific group size chosen when individuals are affiliating—is correlated or decoupled across sexes in the fruit fly, <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>. Across three choice treatments, we find genotype and sex differences in how much time individuals spend near patches, and which group sizes they prefer. We find that the genetic basis of patch use is strongly coupled across sexes, whereas the genetic basis of group-size preference is completely <i>de</i>coupled across sexes. We discuss how these findings augment and complicate our understanding of the evolutionary genetics of social behaviors.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Is there a correlation between abundance and environmental suitability derived from ecological niche modelling? A meta-analysis
It is thought that species abundance is correlated with environmental suitability and that environmental variables, scale, and type of model fitting can confound this relationship. We performed a meta-analysis to (i) test whether species abundance is positively correlated with environmental suitability derived from correlative ecological niche models (ENM), (ii) test whether studies encompassing large areas within a species range (>50%) exhibited higher AS correlations than studies encompassing small areas within a species range (<50%), (iii) assess which modelling method provided higher AS correlation, and (iv) compare strength of the AS relationship between studies using only climatic variables and those that used both climatic and other environmental variables to derive suitability. We used correlation coefficients to measure the relationship between abundance and environmental suitability derived from ENM. Each correlation coefficient was considered an effect size in a random-effects multivariate meta-analysis. In all cases we found a significantly positive relationship between abundance and suitability. This relationship was consistent regardless of scale of study, ENM method, or set of variables used to derive suitability. There was no difference in strength of correlation between studies focusing on large or small areas within a species' range or among ENM methods. Studies using other variables in combination with climate exhibited higher AS correlations than studies using only climatic variables. We conclude that occurrence data can be a reasonable proxy for abundance, especially for vertebrates, and the use of local variables increases the strength of the AS relationship. Use of ENMs can significantly decrease survey costs and allow the study of large-scale abundance patterns using less information. Including only climatic variables in ENM may confound the relationship between abundance and suitability when compared to studies including variables taken locally. However, modelers and conservationists must be aware that high environmental suitability does not always indicate high abundance.
Data from: Variation at phenological candidate genes correlates with timing of dispersal and plumage morph in a sedentary bird of prey
Polymorphic genes involved in the conserved molecular signalling of circadian and circannual clocks may play important roles in governing the timing of breeding and dispersal and thereby affect fitness in vertebrates. However, relatively few studies have explored associations between phenological candidate genes and behaviour, and these are somewhat biased towards particular taxonomic groups such as passerine birds and salmonid fish. Consequently, we assayed microsatellite polymorphisms within the exonic and 3' untranslated regions of the regulatory genes CLOCK, NPAS2, ADCYAP1 and CREB1 in the common buzzard (Buteo buteo), a polymorphic raptor species with three plumage morphs that differ in key life history traits including lifetime reproductive success. In contrast to studies of passerines, CLOCK poly-glutamine (poly-Q) was found to be monomorphic in 976 common buzzard nestlings as well as in three other Buteo species. Moreover, none of the candidate genes were significantly associated with fledging dates, although intermediately melanised females were found to lay earlier on average than light or dark morph individuals, and their offspring carried longer ADCYAP1 alleles. In contrast, all three candidate genes explained significant variation in one or more measures of juvenile buzzard dispersal (resighting probability, timing of dispersal and distance dispersed). Our findings contribute towards a broader body of work on the adaptive significance of CLOCK polymorphism, while also building upon previous studies that have documented links between ADCYAP1 variability and the timing of migration.
Data from: Serial homology and correlated characters in morphological phylogenetics: modeling the evolution of dental crests in placentals
Accurate modeling of the complexity of morphological evolution is crucial for morphological phylogenetics and for performing tests on a wide variety of evolutionary scenarios. In this context, morphological integration and the problem of correlated categorical characters represent a major challenge. In particular, the magnitude and implications of correlations among serially homologous structures such as teeth have been much debated but were never tested statistically within a broad phylogenetic context. Here, we present a large-scale empirical study analyzing the serial variation of cingular crests on successive molars (M1, M2 and M3) of 274 placental species in a phylogenetic context. Both likelihood analyses and analysis of phylogenetic co-distributions demonstrated highly correlated evolution in the entire sample and thus the non-independence of these serial features at a macroevolutionary scale. Likelihood analyses show that their serial variation should be better scored within a single composite character model with constrained paths for transitions enabling simultaneous changes on all three molars, which suggests a strong developmental or genetic integration. These results are congruent with current molecular and developmental knowledge related to dental morphological variation and call into question the frequent use of separate characters scored on serially homologous structures of the dentition in phylogenetic analyses. Overall, they provide long-overdue and clear empirical evidence that in-depth studies of patterns of integration constitute an essential step towards more realistic character construction and modeling. This approach is critical for more accurate morphological phylogenetics and, more generally, for testing macroevolutionary scenarios on groups of correlated characters.
Data from: Oceanographic connectivity and environmental correlates of genetic structuring in Atlantic herring in the Baltic Sea
Marine fish often show little genetic structuring in neutral marker genes, and Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) in the Baltic Sea are no exception; historically, very low levels of population differentiation (FST ≈ 0.002) have been found, despite a high degree of interpopulation environmental heterogeneity in salinity and temperature. Recent exome sequencing and SNP studies have however shown that many loci are under selection in this system. Here, we combined population genetic analyses of a large number of transcriptome-derived microsatellite markers with oceanographic modelling to investigate genetic differentiation and connectivity in Atlantic herring at a relatively fine scale within the Baltic Sea. We found evidence for weak but robust and significant genetic structuring (FST = 0.008) explainable by oceanographic connectivity. Genetic differentiation was also associated with site differences in temperature and salinity, with the result driven by the locus Her14 which appears to be under directional selection (FST = 0.08). The results show that Baltic herring are genetically structured within the Baltic Sea, and highlight the role of oceanography and environmental factors in explaining this structuring. The results also have implications for the management of herring fisheries, the most economically important fishery in the Baltic Sea, suggesting that the current fisheries management units may be in need of revision.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.