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Association of Cataract and Sun Exposure in geographically diverse populations of India: The CASE study. First Report of the ICMR-EYE SEE Study Group
<p><b>Purpose:</b> To determine the prevalence of cataract and its association with sun exposure and other environmental risk factors in three different geographically diverse populations of India.</p> <p><b>Design:</b> Population based cross sectional study during 2010-2016</p> <p><b>Participants:</b> People aged <u>></u> 40 years residing in randomly sampled villages were enumerated (12021) and 9735 (81%) underwent ophthalmic evaluation from plains, hilly and coastal regions (3595, 3231, 2909 respectively)</p> <p><b>Methods:</b> A detailed questionnaire-based interview about outdoor activity in present, past and remote past, usage of sun protective measures, exposure to smoke, and detailed ophthalmic examination including assessment of uncorrected and best corrected visual acuity, measurement of intraocular pressure, slit lamp examination, lens opacities categorization using LOCS III and posterior segment evaluation was done. Lifetime effective sun exposure was calculated using Melbourne formula and expressed as quantiles. These were supplemented with physical environmental measurements.</p> <p><b>Main outcome measures: </b>Lifetime sun exposure hours, smoking, indoor kitchen smoke exposure and their association with cataract and subtypes. Prevalence of cataract calculated based on lens opacities or evidence of cataract surgery.</p> <p><b>Results:</b> Cataract was identified in 3231 (33.3%) participants. Prevalence of cataract in males (32.3%) and females (34.1%) was similar. Nuclear cataract was the commonest sub-type identified in 94.7% of affected eyes. Sun exposure had a significant association with cataract with odds ratio (OR) increasing from 1.6 (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 1.4, 1.9) in 3<sup>rd</sup> quantile, to 2.6 (CI: 2.2, 3.1) in 4<sup>th</sup> quantile and 9.4 (CI: 7.9, 11.2) in 5<sup>th</sup> quantile (p<0.0001). Cataract also showed a significant association with smoking (OR: 1.4, CI: 1.2, 1.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (OR: 1.2, CI: 1.0-1.4). Nuclear cataract showed a positive association with increasing sun exposure in 3<sup>rd </sup>(β coefficient 0.5, CI:0.2-0.7), 4<sup>th </sup>(β: 0.9, CI: 0.7-1.1) and 5<sup>th</sup> (β: 2.1, CI:1.8-2.4) quantiles of sun exposure, smoking (β: 0.4, CI: 0.2-0.6) and indoor kitchen smoke exposure (β: 0.3, CI: 01-0.5) while cortical cataract showed a positive association with sun exposure only in 5<sup>th</sup> quantile (β: 2.6, CI:1.0-4.2). Posterior subcapsular cataract was not associated with any of the risk factors.</p> <p><b>Conclusion:</b> Cataract is associated with increasing level of sun exposure, smoking and exposure to indoor kitchen smoke.</p>
Data from: Niche divergence promotes rapid diversification of East African sky island white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae)
The Eastern Afromontane biodiversity hotspot composed of highly fragmented forested highlands (sky islands) harbours exceptional diversity and endemicity, particularly within birds. To explain their elevated diversity within this region, models founded on niche conservatism have been offered, although detailed phylogeographic studies are limited to a few avian lineages. Here we focus on the recent songbird genus Zosterops, represented by montane and lowland members, to test the roles of niche conservatism versus niche divergence in the diversification and colonization of East Africa's sky islands. The species-rich white-eyes are a typically homogeneous family with an exceptional colonizing ability, but in contrast to their diversity on oceanic islands, continental diversity is considered depauperate and has been largely neglected. Molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals extensive polyphyly among different montane populations of Z. poliogastrus with these larger and heavier endemic populations more closely related to taxa with divergent habitat types, altitudinal distributions and dispersal abilities than they are to populations of restricted endemics that occur in neighbouring montane forest fragments. This repeated transition between lowland and highland habitats over time demonstrate that diversification of the focal group is explained by niche divergence. The results also highlight an underestimation of diversity compared to morphological studies that has implications for their taxonomy and conservation. Molecular dating suggests that the spatially extensive African radiation arose exceptionally rapidly (1-2.5 Ma) during the fluctuating Plio-Pleistocene climate, which may have provided the primary driver for lineage diversification.
Figure 2 in Japanese white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) as potential pollinators of summer-flowering Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae)
Figure 2. Hourly variation in the number of visits by Zosterops japonicus to the flowers in a patch of Taxillus kaempferi on 24 July 2016.
Figure 1 in Japanese white-eyes (Aves: Zosteropidae) as potential pollinators of summer-flowering Taxillus kaempferi (Loranthaceae)
Figure 1. Taxillus kaempferi and its flower visitor Zosterops japonicus. (a) T. kaempferi parasitising a branch of the host plant Pinus densiflora. (b) Individual flowers of T. kaempferi (upper flower, ventral view; lower flower, lateral view). Lines indicate the measured distances from the floral entrance to the floral base (x) and the stylar head (y) (see text for details). (c) Z. japonicus inserting its bill in a flower. (d) A close-up view of (c), showing the Z. japonicus bill and facial feathers touching the plant reproductive organs. (e) Z. japonicus visiting a patch of T. kaempferi. (f) A close-up view of (e), with a white arrow showing the pollen attached (pale-yellow grains) to the bill of Z. japonicus.
Figure 3 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 3. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) elution profile of the degradation products of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (where absorption was set at 280 nm). The solid line represents the digestion product of the extracted pigment. For reference, the dashed line represents the same digestion reaction minus the pigment. The inset shows an elution profile for the degradation products of synthetic pheomelanin (DOPA-cysteine melanin) from Panzella et al. (2007), a paper whose methods we replicated. We hypothesize that the distinct peak that we see at 30 min in our elution profile represents BTCA, a diagnostic degradation product of pheomelanin.
Figure 2 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 2. Absorption spectra of the pigment that we extracted from the valves of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata. The black line represents freshly extracted pigment. The grey line represents the same sample of pigment after it had been digested in alkaline hydrogen peroxide for 14 h. Note that digestion by hydrogen peroxide causes: (1) the absorption peak in the visible wavelengths to drop and shift towards shorter wavelengths; and (2) the appearance of degradation products that absorb strongly in the UV wavelengths. Both of these observations are consistent with the degradation of pheomelanin by hydrogen peroxide.
Figure 1 in The shell-eyes of the chiton Acanthopleura granulata (Mollusca, Polyplacophora) use pheomelanin as a screening pigment
Figure 1. The results of using sodium hydroxide to extract pigment from the decalcified shell plates of the eyed chiton Acanthopleura granulata. (A) An image taken before bleaching, where the dark spots are the rings of screening pigment associated with the shell-eyes (the arrow points to a single eye). The same red-brown pigment is expressed around the shell-eyes and, more broadly, in the proteinaceous extra-cellular matrix that surrounds the eyes and aesthetes. (B) The same valve after 48 h in 1 M sodium hydroxide at room temperature. The scale bar represents 1 mm.
Figures 148–149 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 148–149. Known distributions of Crossopriza cylindrogaster and the two Leptopholcus species treated herein.
Figures 124–127 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 124–127. Spermophora dieke. (124, 125) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (126, 127) Cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: b, bulb; ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.
Figures 87–100 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 87–100. Leptopholcus tipula. (87, 88) Left bulbal projections, prolateral, from Cameroon (87) and Guinea (88); (89) tip of right male palpal trochanter apophysis; (90) tip of right procursus, prolateral view; (91) tip of left procursus, retrolateral view; (92) right male palpal tarsal organ; (93) male ALS and PMS; (94) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (95) epigynum; (96) female palpal tarsi, dorso-lateral view; (97) female prosoma, dorso-frontal view; (98) female spinnerets and anal cone; (99) comb hairs on female left tarsus 4, prolateral view; (100) cuticular sculpturing on female abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top). Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; f, flap on uncus; pr, procursus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 20 µm (89, 92, 93, 99), 60 µm (87, 90, 94, 96, 100), 100 µm (88, 91, 98), 200 µm (95, 97).
Figures 101–105 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 101–105. Pholcus kakum. (101, 102) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views, respectively; (103) male chelicerae, frontal view; (104, 105) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views, respectively. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (103–105), 0.5 mm (101, 102).
Figures 82–86 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 82–86. Leptopholcus tipula. (82, 83) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (84) male chelicerae, frontal view; (85, 86) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; f, flap on uncus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis; u, uncus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (84–86), 0.5 mm (82, 83).
Figures 128–134 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 128–134. Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (128, 129) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (130) male chelicerae, frontal view; (131, 132) left procursus, ventral (131) and prolatero-dorsal (132) views; (133, 134) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus; ta, trochanter apophysis. Scale lines: 0.2 mm (130–134), 0.3 mm (128, 129).
Figures 68–81 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 68–81. Leptopholcus guineensis. (68) Male carapace, eyes and clypeus with horn; (69) left bulbal projections, prolateral view; (70) right bulbal projections, retrolateral view (arrow points to dorsal cone-shaped apophysis on embolus); (71) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (72) tip of right male palpal trochanter apophysis; (73) male palpal tarsal organ; (74) comb hairs on male right tarsus 4, prolateral view; (75) left procursus, prolateral (slightly dorsal) view; (76) right procursus, retrolateral view; (77) male spinnerets and anal cone; (78) female ALS and PMS; (79) female prosoma, frontal view; (80) epigynum; (81) cuticular sculpturing on male abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top). Notes: a, appendix; e, embolus; u, uncus. Scale lines: 20 µm (72–74, 78), 80 µm (71, 75–77, 81), 200 µm (68–70, 79, 80).
Figures 115–123 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 115–123. Pholcus kakum. (115) Male ALS; (116) male PMS; (117) female spinnerets; (118) female prosoma, dorso-frontal view; (119) epigynum; (120) cleared female internal genitalia, dorsal view; (121) right female palpal tarsus, dorsal view; (122) detail of pore plate (enlarged from figure 120); (123) comb hairs on right female tarsus 4, prolateral view. Scale lines: 10 µm (115, 116, 122, 123), 60 µm (117, 121), 200 µm (118–120).
Figures 15–31 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 15–31. Crossopriza and Leptopholcus. (15–23) C. cylindrogaster; (15–17) male, dorsal, lateral, and ventral views; (18) female, dorsal view; (19) female abdomen, ventral view; (20, 21) cleared epigynum, ventral and dorsal views; (22) female eyes and "pseudo-eyes", frontal view; (23) semithin section of ALE with associated "pseudo-eye"; (24–27) males in dorsal and lateral views of L. guineensis (24, 25) and L. tipula (26, 27); (28–31) epigyna in ventral and cleared dorsal views of L. guineensis (28, 29) and L. tipula (30, 31). Notes: l, cuticular lens; p, epigynal pocket; pe, "pseudo-eye"; r, retina; t, tapetum.
Figures 7–14 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 7–14. Further Guinean leaf-dwelling pholcids. (7) Leptopholcus guineensis, male, as seen against the light, without flash; (8–9) Leptopholcus tipula, females with newly hatched spiderlings and with egg-sac; (10–11) Pholcus kakum, n. sp., male and female with egg-sac; (12) Spermophora dieke n. sp., female; (13) Pehrforsskalia conopyga, male; (14) Nyikoa limbe, female with egg-sac.
Figures 45–49 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 45–49. Crossopriza cylindrogaster. (45, 46) Left palp, prolateral and retrolateral views; (47) male chelicerae, frontal view; (48, 49) cleared female genitalia, ventral and dorsal views. Notes: b, bulb; ba, bulbal apophysis; e, embolus; p, epigynal pocket; pp, pore plate; pr, procursus. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (47–49), 0.5 mm (45, 46).
Figures 135–147 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 135–147. Pehrforsskalia conopyga. (135) Male ocular area, frontal view; (136) male gonopore with epiandrous spigots; (137) left male palpal tarsal organ; (138) left male eye stalk, frontal view (arrow points to possibly extensible area); (139) right procursus, distal view; (140) right appendix, prolateral view; (141) male spinnerets; (142) epigynum; (143) cuticular sculpturing on female abdomen, showing difference in ventral (left) and lateral (right) pattern (frontal side on top); (144) female prosoma, frontal (slightly dorsal) view; (145) female ALS and PMS; (146) comb hair on female left tarsus 4, prolateral view; (147) female palpal tarsus. Notes: a, appendix; b, bulb; e, embolus. Scale lines: 10 µm (137, 145, 146), 20 µm (147), 60 µm (136, 138–141), 100 µm (135, 142–144).
Figures 150–151 in Life on leaves: leaf-dwelling pholcids of Guinea, with emphasis on Crossopriza cylindrogaster Simon, a spider with inverted resting position, pseudo-eyes, lampshade web, and tetrahedral egg-sac (Araneae: Pholcidae)
Figures 150–151. Known distributions of Spermophora dieke, Pholcus kakum, and Pehrforsskalia conopyga. For Nyikoa limbe, see Huber (2007).
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