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Fig. 2 in First palaeoscolecid from the Cambrian (Drumian, Miaolingian) Marjum Formation of western Utah, USA

Fig. 2. Ottoid scalidophoran Ottoia? sp. (KUMIP 204770) from the Drumian, Cambrian Marjum Formation in the House Range of Utah, USA (Sponge Gully locality). A1, general view showing body orientation and location of close-ups; A2, detailed view of anterior region, showing the partially everted introvert and digestive tract; A3, detailed view of posterior region, showing location of possible bases of caudal hooks; A4, SEM micrograph showing trunk annulation, arrowheads point to fossil margins; A5, SEM micrograph of anterior region, showing introvert and a few introvert hooks, arrowheads point to fossil margins; A6, SEM micrograph of introvert hooks.

Fig. 16 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 16. Rugose coral Stelechophyllum cf. banffense (Warren, 1927), C-52434 = GSC-142476, locality 12 (Fig. 2), from Meilleur Member, Flett Formation Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Thin sections. A1, transverse section of fragment of colony, note different state of preservation in middle of picture and area around it (arrows); A2, A3, longitudinal sections; A4–A7, offsets in ascending growth stages.

Fig. 15 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 15. Rugose corals Cordilleria sp. A. IG-82 = UAM-Tc.Can./8, locality 3 (Fig. 2), from Meilleur Member, Flett Formation (Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Northwest Territories, Canada; transverse thin section (A1); longitudinal thin sections (A2, A3), weakly accentuated down sloping of peripheral part of tabulae (arrow). B. C-47942 = GSC-142475, locality 14 (Fig. 2), from Flett Formation undivided, Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Canada; transverse section (B1, B2), longitudinal section, peel (B3). C. IG-18 = UAM-Tc.Can./10, locality 3 (Fig. 2), from Tlogotsho Member, Flett Formation (Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Canada; longitudinal thin sections (C1, C2), transverse thin section (C3). D. IG-83 = UAM-Tc.Can./9, locality 3 (Fig. 2), from Meilleur Member, Flett Formation Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada; transverse thin section.

Fig. 13 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 13. Rugose coral Cordilleria aff. oculinum (Sando, 1963), from Meilleur Member, Flett Formation (Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada (A, C, F), Tlogotsho Member, Tlett Formation (Mississippian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada B, D), and upper Prophet Formation (Mississippian), Roundle Group, Northwest Territories, Canada (E). A. C-52268 = GSC-142473, locality 2 (Fig. 2); transverse thin section (A1), longitudinal thin section (A2). B. IG-16 = UAM-Tc.Can./5 B-D, locality 3 (Fig. 2); longitudinal section, peel (B1), transverse thin section (B2). C. IG-85 = UAM-Tc.Can./6, locality 3 (Fig. 2); longitudinal section (peel). D. IG-30 = UAM-Tc.Can./7, locality 3 (Fig. 2); longitudinal section, peel (D1), transverse thin section (D2). E. C-52205 = GSC-142472, locality 2 (Fig. 2); transverse thin section. F. C-52361 = GSC-142474, locality 13 (Fig. 2); transverse thin section.

Fig. 12 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 12. Variation in septal number and corallite diameters in colonies of rugose coral Cordilleria aff. oculinum (Sando, 1963) and holotypes of Cordilleria oculina (Sando, 1963) and Cordilleria warreni (Nelson, 1960) added for comparison. Data for C. oculina after Sando (1963: part of fig. 1); for C. warreni after Nelson (1960: pl. 24: 11).

Fig. 10 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 10. Variation in septal number and corallite diameters of rugose coral Cordilleria aff. mutabile (Kelly, 1942) and the holotype colony of Cordilleria mutabile (Kelly, 1942) added for comparison. Large differences in that character between colonies comparable to that noted by Sando (1963: fig. 1) in "Lithostrotion (Siphonodendron) oculinum" (Sando, 1963) = Cordilleria oculina (Sando, 1963) (see Fig. 12).

Fig. 9 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 9. Rugose corals Cordilleria aff. mutabile (Kelly, 1942), from Flett Formation (Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. A. C-52124 = GSC142471, locality 3 (Fig. 2); longitudinal thin sections (A1, A2), transverse thin section (A3). B. C-47930 = GSC-142469, locality 14 (Fig. 2), Flett Formation undivided; longitudinal sections, peels (B1–B3), transverse thin section (B4). Note in B1 steeply arranged tabulae when pseudocolumella present (black arrow), flat tabulae when pseudocolumella absent (white arrow).

Fig. 8. Tabulate corals Michelinia expansa White, 1883, from locality 3 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 8. Tabulate corals Michelinia expansa White, 1883, from locality 3 (Fig. 2), Meilleur Member, Flett Formation (Viséan, Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. Transverse thin sections unless stated otherwise. A. IG-91-2 = UAM-Tc.Can./3; A1, fragment of colony; A2, longitudinal section (peel) of offsetting corallite; showing pores (arrows). B. IG-17 = UAM-Tc.Can./1; B1, drawing on peel image of longitudinal section of corallites in different growth stage; showing pores (grey arrows) and apparent absence of pore resulting from eccentric section (black arrow); B2, fragment of a colony. C. IG-91-1 = UAM-Tc.Can./2, different growth stages; C1, very early growth stage of offset surrounded by thick, solid wall; C2, very early growth stage of offset; showing P2 pores (black arrows) and overgrown pores? (white arrows); note differentiated thickness of partitions; C3, two offsets adjacent to one another with first dissepiments developed; C4, very early growth stage of offset with two P1 pores open to two adjacent mature corallites; C5, partitions differentiated in thickness, showing P2 pores (arrow).

Fig. 1 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 1. Map showing location of study area, Carboniferous lithofacies assemblages subcropping beneath Permian and Mesozoic deposits in the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin, principal sub-basins, uplifts, and shelves. In the Liard Basin western occurrences of the Rundle and Matson lithofacies assemblages overlie and pass westwards into the Besa River lithofacies assemblage. See Fig. 3 for the formational composition of the Banff, Rundle, and Mattson lithofacies assemblages. Modified from Richards et al. (1994).

Fig. 14. A in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 14. A. Hypothesized morphogenetic pathway for derivation of the bivalved stenothecoid scleritome from a multisclerite, tubular, organocalcitic, eccentrothecimorph ancestor via a hypothetical organocalcitic tannuolinid. Eccentrothecimorph slightly modified from Skovsted et al. (2011: text-fig. 17). Tannuolinid modified from Skovsted et al. (2014). B. A possible cladogram that assumes an organocalcitic scleritome is primitive for the Pan-Brachiopoda. In this view, organophosphatic mineralogy evolved independently several times and the Stenothecoida evolved a bivalved scleritome independently of the Brachiopoda + Micrina clade.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 7. SEM micrographs of stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides cf. elongata, middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Kootenay National Park, Canada, Locality 3. A. ROMIP 66248, articulated shell in right lateral view. B. ROMIP 66249, articulated shell in left lateral (B1) and posterior (B2)

Fig. 7. Tabulate coral Michelinia expansa White, 1883 in Mississippian colonial tabulate and rugose corals from the Flett Formation, Liard Basin, northwest Canada

Fig. 7. Tabulate coral Michelinia expansa White, 1883. IG-91-1 = UAM-Tc.Can./2, from locality 3 (Fig. 2), Meilleur Member, Fleet Formation (middle Viséan, Mississipian), Rundle Group, Liard Basin, Northwest Territories, Canada. A1, thin section of colony, transverse in most part and longitudinal at colony edge; A2, immature corallite, note remnants of wall microstructure, arrow points to P1 pore; A3, septal spines attached to tabula; A4, pores P1 and P 2 situated close to each other (arrows).

Fig. 5 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 5. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 (A, G) and Locality 1 (B–F, H–J). A. TMP 2002.083.0178, dorsal valve in interior (A1), exterior (A2), right lateral (A3), and posterior (A4) views. B. TMP 2008.024.1138, ventral valve in interior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1133, dorsal valve in interior view, arrows show possible bifurcated peripheral ridges. D. TMP 2008.024.1143, dorsal valve in interior (D1) and anterior oblique (D2) views. E. TMP 2008.024.1144, dorsal valve in interior (E1) and anterior (E2) views. F. TMP 2008.024.1134, ventral valve, interior view. G. TMP 2002.083.0177 (same specimen as Fig. 4B), ventral valve in interior (G1, magnified) and oblique (G2) views. H. TMP 2008.024.1135, dorsal valve in interior view. I. TMP 2008.024.1121, ventral valve, anterior view. J. TMP 2008.024.1136, ventral valve in interior view, showing detached apical boss and remnant apical stem and cardinal troughs.

Fig. 4 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 4. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 2 A, B, D) and Locality 1 (C, D). A. TMP 2002.083.0176 (holotype), dorsal valve in exterior (A1) and interior (A2) views. B. TMP 2002.083.0177, ventral valve in exterior view. C. TMP 2008.024.1147, dorsal valve, internal apical area. D. TMP 2008.024.1122, articulated juvenile, dorsal/ventral (uncertain) valve in posterior (D1), lateral (D2), and oblique planar (D3) views; D1 and D3 show posterior median opening, D2 shows slightly sinusoidal commissure.

Fig. 3 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 3. Orientation, measurements, and ridge zones in Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Ventral valve, exterior, showing orientation for measurements. B. Ventral valve, interior, showing peripheral and axial ridge zones, and approximated body cavity. Abbreviations: ax, auricular axis; az, axial ridge zone; bc, body cavity; L, valve length; ll, left lobe; lx, lobe axis; pz, peripheral ridge zone; rl, right lobe; vx, valve axis; W, valve width.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 2. Stratigraphic and geographic distribution of sample localities. A. Stratigraphic position of localities 1–3 indicated with stars. Thicknesses of units at Fossil Ridge/Mount Field from Fletcher and Collins (1998) and Mount Stephen northwest shoulder from Christopher J. Collom and PAJ (unpublished data); stratigraphic units after Collom et al. (2009), Odaray Mountain section from Streng et al. (2016). Helcionellid icons show known silicified assemblages. B. Geographic distribution of localities 1–3 relative to the Cathedral escarpment. C. Known stratigraphic distribution of stenothecoids in British Columbia, Utah, and Nevada. Stratigraphy modified from Johnston et al. (2009a). D. General location of study area in western Canada. Abbreviations: CC, Campsite Cliff Shale Member; Fm., Formation; KH, Kicking Horse Shale Member; Loc, Locality; MF, Monarch Formation; Mt., Mount or Mountain; S., Stenothecoides; WA, Wapta Member; WL, Wash Limestone Member; WQ, Walcott Quarry Shale Member; YR, Yoho River Limestone Member.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 9. Bivariate plots of length and width and best fit lines of Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 2 (tectonic strain is evident in some specimens at Locality 1, which are excluded from this plot); Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, Utah, USA, Locality 8 of Robison (1964); Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Burgess Shale Formation, Locality 3; Stenothecoides cf. elongata, Mount Whyte Formation, Ross Lake, Mount Stephen, and Mount Field, Yoho National Park, Canada (Rasetti 1954, 1957).

Fig. 13 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 13. Stylized anatomical reconstruction of the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov. A. Dorsal valve, plan view. B. Longitudinal section slightly off the midline of the valves and normal to commissure. Colors: black in A, shell outline; black in B, valves and juxtaposed apical bosses; green, pedicle, inserting on posterior surface of apical boss and in cardinal troughs; red, muscles originating on anterior surface of apical boss and attaching to the anterior body wall; turquoise, visceral mass; orange, lophophore; grey, peripheral and axial furrow zones; short black lines, cilia in grooves between mantle canals; blue arrows, inferred inhalant and exhalant water currents; dotted areas, coelomic fluid; olive green, setae omitted in A). Lophophore modelled after Heliomedusa (Chen et al. 2007).

Fig. 8 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 8. Stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), middle Cambrian, Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), internal shell features. Dorsal vs. ventral valves uncertain. A, B. TMP 2021.022.0001 (A) and TMP 2021.022.0002 B), valves preserving peripheral furrows; note in A a prominent cardinal sulcus. C. TMP 2021.022.0003, valve interior, showing a cardinal pseudosocket. D. TMP 2021.022.0004, valve interior, preserving a nearly symmetrical apical area and conspicuous posterior median opening. E–G. Variation of apical areas of valve interiors. TMP 2021.022.0005 (E), TMP 2021.022.0006 (F), TMP 2021.022.0007 (G).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and relationships of the enigmatic stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides-new data from the middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Formation

Fig. 12. Microstructure in the stenothecoid pan-brachiopod Stenothecoides spp. and co-occurring rhynchonelliformean brachiopods. A–C. Stenothecoides rasettii sp. nov., middle Cambrian, Burgess Shale Formation, Yoho National Park, Canada, Locality 1. A. TMP 2008.024.1142, fragmentary valve in interior view (A1), detail showing silica rods imbricated and inclined toward valve margin (A2). B. TMP 2008.024.1150, ventral valve in exterior view (B1), showing silica rods oriented with proximal ends of rods overlapping distal ends of preceding rods in posterior third of valve, but seemingly reversing orientation in posterior third of valve (B2). C. TMP 2008.024.1141 (same specimen and valve area as in Fig. 11C1, inner box) detail showing silica rods. D, E. Stenothecoides elongata (Walcott, 1884), Drumian Stage stratotype, Drum Mountains, western Utah (USA), Locality 8 (Robison 1964), external shell features. D. TMP 2021.022.0008, ventral(?) valve in exterior view (D1), detail of anterior end (D2), arrows show incompletely silicified radial rods. E. TMP 2021.022.0009, dorsal(?) valve, anterior end showing silicified outer shell surface with fine radial elements extending across growth varices (black arrows) and apparently shorter radial rods in valve sublayers (white arrows). F, G. Rhynchonelliformean brachiopods, silicified microstructure, Burgess Shale Formation, Canada, Locality 1. F. Tomteluva sp., TMP 2008.024.1151, silicified shell in exterior view (F1), posterior end is broken; anterior is to the right; detail showing orientation of silica rods (F2), anterior is to the left. G. Fragmentary nisusiid, TMP 2008.024.1152, silicified shell in interior view (G1), detail showing imbricated silica rods (G2). A, C, F, SEM images and B, D, E, G, light microscope images.