Find research datasets worth reusing

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Fig. 3 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 3. Osteoderm histology of doswelliid Doswellia kaltenbachi Weems, 1980, USNM PAL 244214 from near Doswell, Virginia, USA, Carnian. A. Complete transversal section view; the deep excavations correspond with natural fractures of the element. B. Detail of the basal cortex; exhibits poorly vascularized primary zonal bone (arrowheads pointing to areas of parallel-fibered bone and annuli of lamellar bone). C, D. View of the internal core region; showing abundant intertrabecular spaces and vascular cavities, surrounded by secondary lamellar tissue and remains of woven-fibered bone of primary origin. E, F. Detail of the ornamentation in external cortex; consisting of poorly vascularized zonal bone; arrowheads pointing to growth marks (annuli) following the sculpted shape of the external surface. Note the absence of Sharpey's fibres. A, B, C, E, normal light; D, F, cross-polarized light. Abbreviations: ZB, zonal bone; LB, lamellar bone; its, intertrabecular space; po, primary osteon; rl, resorption line.

opencc-by-4.0Oct 2017View details →

Fig. 4 in The osteoderm microstructure in doswelliids and proterochampsids and its implications for palaeobiology of stem archosaurs

Fig. 4. Histology of osteoderms V1 (A–E) and 1 (F–J) of doswelliid Vancleavea campi Long and Murry, 1995, GR 138 from Coelophysis Quarry, "Siltstone Member", Chinle Formation, New Mexico, USA, Early Norian. A. Complete transversal section under normal light (A1) and cross-polarized with lambda compensator (A2). Note the differences in color layers on the osteoderm with the lambda filter, indicating the presence of structural fibers. B, C. Details of the basal cortex constituted by structural fibers. D. Inner core region, close to external cortex, showing intertrabecular spaces and fibrolamellar bone matrix. E. Detail of the marginal region, which is mostly composed of parallel-fibered bone with abundant Sharpey's fibers are inserted. F. Complete transversal section view. G, H. Details of the medial region; some structural fibers are faintly visible in the basal cortex, mixed with parallel-fibered bone. Parallel-fibered bone is present in the internal region. I, J. View of the marginal region osteoderm; showing some isolated Sharpey fibers and compact bone composed by both lamellar and parallel-fibered bone. Note how clearly differentiated monorefringent and birefringent area are present. A–C, F, G, I, normal light; A, D, E, normal light and cross-polarized light with lambda compensator; H, J, cross-polarized light. Abbreviations: BA, birefringent area; its, intertrabecular space; LB, lamellar bone; MA, monorrefringent area; PFB, parallel-fibered bone; po, primary osteon; SF, structural fibers; Shf, Sharpey fibers; svc, simply vascular canal.

Fig. 6 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 6. Oral surface of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1024020); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Four peri-orals (PO1, PO3, PO4, and PO6) between four circum-orals (CO1, CO2, CO4, and CO5), peristome partially covered by small subtriangular oral cover plates biseries, diplopore-bearing polygonal thecal plates immediately surrounding the peristome, hydropore over PO1 and PO6; in external view. B. Surface showing numerous diplopores. Photographs (A1, B1), coloured interpretations (A2, B2) of both surfaces illustrating names using circumorals and periorals (Paul 1973, 2017); in internal view. B–E ambulacral designations in Carpenter's system. Scale bars 5 mm.

Fig. 4 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 4. Detail of the right transverse process of a middle or posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/5) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in posterior view, with black rectangle indicating location of axial CT "slice" shown in B. B. Axial CT "slice" showing intradiapophyseal chamber, with black and white arrowheads indicating cortical and trabecular tissues, respectively. Reconstruction of the transverse process and diapophysis in medial (C) and posterior (D) views. Black rectangle indicates location of sagittal CT "slice" shown in E. E. Sagittal CT "slice" through intradiapophyseal chamber.

Fig. 3 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 3. Partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/12) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Computed tomography (CT)-based digital reconstruction in left anterolateral view. B. Axial CT "slice" in anterior view, with hypothesized pneumatic structures indicated by arrows. Note internal cavity in left diapophysis.

Fig. 7 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 7. Cervical vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/1, anterior cervical vertebra in anterior (A1) and right ventrolateral (A2) views. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/2, anterior cervical vertebra in right lateral view. C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/3, middle cervical vertebra in right lateral view. Lateral fossae of the centrum (hypothesized as pneumatic in origin) indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 9. Comparison of the reconstructed pulmonary systems of the sauropod clades Rebbachisauridae (Diplodocoidea) and Saltasaurinae (Titanosauria) in right lateral view. A. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a generalized rebbachisaurid. Skeletal reconstruction based largely on Nigersaurus taqueti (Sereno et al. 2007: fig. 3a); pulmonary anatomy based on data presented herein, i.e., hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumaticity described in multiple rebbachisaurids, but primarily Katepensaurus goicoecheai (cervical and dorsal pneumaticity) and Tataouinea hannibalis (sacral, caudal, and pelvic pneumaticity). B. Reconstructed pulmonary anatomy of a saltasaurine (after Cerda et al. 2012: fig. 4a). Color coding of pulmonary structures is as follows: orange, lung; green, cervical air sac system; yellow, clavicular air sac system; blue, abdominal air sac system. Postcranial skeletal elements that are known to have been pneumatized are shown in gray; bones that were either apneumatic or for which this condition is uncertain are in white.

Fig. 1. A in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 1. A. Simplified phylogeny of Diapsida showing position of Rebbachisauridae and both components of the rebbachisaurid Extant Phylogenetic Bracket sensu Witmer 1995 (Crocodylia and Aves). Rectangle indicates absence of postcranial pneumaticity; triangles indicate presence of postcranial pneumaticity. B. Hypothesized osteological correlates of pneumatic and other soft tissue structures in archosaurian vertebrae (based on O'Connor 2006).

Fig. 8 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 8. Anterior view of anterior caudal vertebrae of rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/7. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/8. Hypothesized pneumatic fossae indicated by arrows.

Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree from phylogenetic analysis under extended implied weighting with 21 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 9. Strict consensus tree from phylogenetic analysis under extended implied weighting with 21 different values of k.

Fig. 4 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 4. Diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (MUA. 1023001); Middle Ordovician, Stita, Algeria. A. Photograph of latex cast of external mould showing spines, tubercles, and the appearance of imbricate plates. B. Camera lucida drawing, note three generations of plates. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 8. Consensus trees from phylogenetic analyses under equal weights. A. Strict consensus tree. B. Reduced consensus tree. a, Martinmiguelia fernandezi; b, Taubatherium paulacoutoi; c, Ancylocoelus frequens; d, Huilatherium pluriplicatum; e, Asmodeus petrasnerus; f, Colpodon antucoensis + C. propinquus.

Fig. 7. Homalodotheriid notoungulate Asmodeus from Argentina. A in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 7. Homalodotheriid notoungulate Asmodeus from Argentina. A. Asmodeus petrasnerus Seoane and Cerdeño, 2014, from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4958, left calcaneum, anterior (A1), posterior (A2) and medial (A3) views. B. Asmodeus osborni Ameghino, 1894 from Santa Cruz; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MACN A 12327, holotype, right calcaneum, medial (B1) and anterior (B2) views.

Fig. 3 in The diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher from the Middle Ordovician of northern Algeria: Taxonomic revision and palaeoecological implications

Fig. 3. Original reconstruction of the diploporite blastozoan Lepidocalix pulcher Termier and Termier, 1950a (see Termier and Termier 1959; Kesling 1968). Scale bar 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 5. Computed tomography-based visualizations of middle to posterior dorsal vertebra (UNPSJB-PV 1007/4) of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Three-dimensional digital model in right posterolateral view. B. Sagittal section (anterior to left) with arrows indicating internal cavities hypothesized as pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 6. Histology of a dorsal rib (UNPSJB-PV 1007/28) of the holotype of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. Complete cross section of the rib sampled for histology. B. Detail of the dense Haversian bone in the cortex. C. General view of fibrolamellar bone tissue. D. Detail of fibrolamellar bone tissue. Note the abundance of longitudinally oriented vascular spaces in C and D. E. Four of the seven growth marks preserved in the primary bone tissue (indicated by arrowheads).

Fig. 2 in A novel form of postcranial skeletal pneumaticity in a sauropod dinosaur: Implications for the paleobiology of Rebbachisauridae

Fig. 2. Dorsal vertebrae of the rebbachisaurid sauropod Katepensaurus goicoecheai Ibiricu, Casal, Martínez, Lamanna, Luna, and Salgado, 2013a from the Cenomanian–Turonian Bajo Barreal Formation of Chubut Province, Argentina. A. UNPSJB-PV 1007/13, partial anterior dorsal vertebra in left lateral view. B. UNPSJB-PV 1007/12, partial anterior to middle dorsal vertebra in dorsal view (B2), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fossa in dorsal view (B1). C. UNPSJB-PV 1007/4, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (dashed lines indicate approximate margins of laterodiapophyseal fenestra). D. UNPSJB-PV 1007/5, middle or posterior dorsal vertebra in right lateral view (D1), detail of right laterodiapophyseal fenestra in right posterolateral view (D2). Arrows indicate hypothesized pneumatic structures.

Fig. 6 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 6. Tarsal bones of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4891, right astragalus, anterior (A1), distal (A2), posterior (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. MCNAM-PV 5035, left navicular, anterior face to the left, proximal (B1) and distal (B2) views.

Fig. 4 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 4. Left carpals and metacarpal of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene), MCNAM-PV 4696. A. Pyramidal, anterolateral (A1), medial (A2), proximal (A3), and distal (A4) views. B. Magnum, anterior B1), proximal (B2), lateral (B3), and medial (B4) views. C. Unciform, anterolateral (C1), proximal (C2), medial (C3), and distal (C4) views. D. Proximal fragment of McIII, proximal (D1) and lateral (D2) views. E. Magnum and unciform in anatomical position, proximal view. F. Pyramidal and unciform in anatomical position, anterolateral view.

Fig. 5 in New postcranial remains of large toxodontian notoungulates from the late Oligocene of Mendoza, Argentina and their systematic implications

Fig. 5. Tibiae of leontiniid notoungulate Gualta cuyana Cerdeño and Vera, 2015 from Quebrada Fiera, Mendoza, Argentina; Deseadan SALMA (late Oligocene). A. MCNAM-PV 4094, posterior view. B. MCNAM-PV 4785, distal (B1) and posterior (B2) views. C. Tibia, MCNAM-PV 4785, in anterior view and astragalus, MCNAM-PV 4891, in distal view.