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3,648 results for “induction”
Data from: Scoring tools for the analysis of infant respiratory inductive plethysmography signals
Infants recovering from anesthesia are at risk of life threatening Postoperative Apnea (POA). POA events are rare, and so the study of POA requires the analysis of long cardiorespiratory records. Manual scoring is the preferred method of analysis for these data, but it is limited by low intra- and inter-scorer repeatability. Furthermore, recommended scoring rules do not provide a comprehensive description of the respiratory patterns. This work describes a set of manual scoring tools that address these limitations. These tools include: (i) a set of definitions and scoring rules for 6 mutually exclusive, unique patterns that fully characterize infant respiratory inductive plethysmography (RIP) signals; (ii) RIPScore, a graphical, manual scoring software to apply these rules to infant data; (iii) a library of data segments representing each of the 6 patterns; (iv) a fully automated, interactive formal training protocol to standardize the analysis and establish intra- and inter-scorer repeatability; and (v) a quality control method to monitor scorer ongoing performance over time. To evaluate these tools, three scorers from varied backgrounds were recruited and trained to reach a performance level similar to that of an expert. These scorers used RIPScore to analyze data from infants at risk of POA in two separate, independent instances. Scorers performed with high accuracy and consistency, analyzed data efficiently, had very good intra- and inter-scorer repeatability, and exhibited only minor confusion between patterns. These results indicate that our tools represent an excellent method for the analysis of respiratory patterns in long data records. Although the tools were developed for the study of POA, their use extends to any study of respiratory patterns using RIP (e.g., sleep apnea, extubation readiness). Moreover, by establishing and monitoring scorer repeatability, our tools enable the analysis of large data sets by multiple scorers, which is essential for longitudinal and multicenter studies.
Data from:Differential induction of plant chemical defenses by parasitized and unparasitized herbivores: consequences for reciprocal, multitrophic interactions
Insect parasitoids can play ecologically important roles in virtually all terrestrial plant–insect herbivore interactions, yet whether parasitoids alter the defensive traits that underlie interactions between plants and their herbivores remains a largely unexplored question. Here, we examined the reciprocal trophic interactions among populations of the wild cabbage Brassica oleracea that vary greatly in their production of defensive secondary compounds – glucosinolates (GSs), a generalist herbivore, Trichoplusia ni, and its polyembryonic parasitoid Copidosoma floridanum. In a greenhouse environment, plants were exposed to either healthy (unparasitized), parasitized, or no herbivores. Feeding damage by herbivores induced higher levels of the indole GSs, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin, but not any of the other measured GSs. Herbivores parasitized by C. floridanum induced cabbage plants to produce 1.5 times more indole GSs than levels induced by healthy T. ni and five times more than uninduced plants. As a gregarious endoparasitoid, C. floridanum causes its host T. ni to feed more than unparasitized herbivores resulting in increased induction of indole GSs. In turn, herbivore fitness parameters (including differential effects on male and female contributions to lifetime fecundity in the herbivore) were negatively correlated with the aliphatic GSs, sinigrin and gluconapin, whereas parasitoid fitness parameters were negatively correlated with the indole GSs, glucobrassicin and neoglucobrassicin. That herbivores and their parasitoids appear to be affected by different sets of GSs was unexpected given the intimate developmental associations between host and parasitoid. This study is the first to demonstrate that parasitoids, through increasing feeding by their herbivorous hosts, can induce higher levels of non-volatile plant chemical defenses. While parasitoids are widely recognized to be ubiquitous in most terrestrial insect herbivore communities, their role in influencing plant–insect herbivore relationships is still vastly underappreciated.
Data from: A new Magneto-Inductive tracking technique to uncover subterranean activity: what do animals do underground?
1. Despite the importance of the subterranean ecotope, knowledge of underground movement and behaviour has been extremely limited. Previous technologies have relied upon techniques with very low spatial or temporal resolution, such as VHF telemetry. Rather incongruously therefore, relatively simple underground activity regimes have often been assumed, with insufficient attention to the ecological importance of burrow use. 2. We test the capability of Magneto-Inductive (MI) tracking, recording underground movement within a European badger sett over a two week period in February. These data allowed us to: quantify subterranean movement; extrapolate the three-dimensional burrow architecture; simultaneously track multiple individuals; and establish the function of specific movement patterns; demonstrating the technique's utility. Contrasting data generated using MI tracking, against the resolution achievable with VHF tracking, we establish how sampling frequency can influence the percecption of movement. 3. Taking 20 locational fixes per minute, MI collars operated for one year before on-board batteries failed, resulting in an average five billion data points per collar deployment. Socio-ecologically we found that rather than foraging continuously throughout the night, badgers returned to the sett an average of 2.2 times, approximately every 3-4 hours. From burrow mapping, badgers tended to use peripheral chambers for ca. 45 minutes on these return visits,These outlying chambers were used less by day, when badgers selected deeper chambers, suggesting each chamber type fulfils a different function. This technology also exposed that badgers exhibited a far greater extent of underground movement than revealed by former technologies, which by comparison captured less than 0.5% of subterranean activity. Importantly, these high-resolution data showed that individuals left, returned to, and moved about the sett independently, with no tendency for synchronous subterranean activity. 4. In overview, magneto-inductive tracking proved relatively simple and cost effective to deploy, it provided very detailed and accurate subterranean fixes, and was robust enough for long-term field deployment. Furthermore, the capabilities of MI are highly transferable, enabling a better understanding of underground activity and the ecological importance of subterranean burrows for the conservation and management of a wide range of species.
Data from: Adaptive differences in circadian clock gene expression patterns and photoperiodic diapause induction in Nasonia vitripennis
Day length (photoperiod) and temperature oscillate daily and seasonally and are important cues for season-dependent behaviour. Larval diapause of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis is maternally induced following a certain number of days (switch point) of a given critical photoperiod (CPP). Both the switch point and CPP follow a latitudinal cline in European N. vitripennis populations,. We previously showed that allelic frequencies of the clock gene period correlate with this diapause induction cline. Here, we report that circadian expression of four clock genes, period (per), cryptochrome-2 (cry-2), clock (clk) and cycle (cyc), oscillates as a function of photoperiod and latitude of origin in wasps from populations from the extremes of the cline. Expression amplitudes are lower in northern wasps, indicating a weaker, more plastic, clock. Northern wasps also have a later onset of activity and longer free running rhythms in constant conditions. Per RNAi caused speeding up of the circadian clock, changed the expression of other clock genes and delayed diapause in both southern and northern wasps. These results point towards adaptive latitudinal clock-gene expression differences and to a key role of per in the timing of photoperiodic diapause induction of N. vitripennis.
Data from: Herbivore-specific induction of defence metabolites in a grass-endophyte association
Plants have developed a variety of defence strategies against herbivores. One possible strategy is the induced production of metabolites following herbivore attack. Plant-associated micro-organisms can be the source of such defensive compounds. For example, cool-season grasses can be associated with systemic endophytic fungi of the genus Epichloё, which produce herbivore-toxic alkaloids. In a controlled common garden approach, we tested the hypothesis that different types of herbivory induce endophyte growth and increase the endophyte-mediated production of three bioactive alkaloids which can deter or toxify herbivores. During 18 weeks, we analysed biweekly endophyte and alkaloid concentrations in the grass Lolium perenne infected with the endophytic fungus Epichloё festucae var. lolii. The experiment was conducted throughout the field season and compared three different herbivore treatments to the control treatment (herbivory exclosure). We showed that the concentration of the vertebrate toxic alkaloid lolitrem B increased following clipping (a simulation of grazing herbivores), while the insect deterring alkaloid peramine increased following locust herbivory (biting–chewing herbivores). The endophyte concentration increased slightly following clipping (P = 0·09). Sap sucking aphids altered neither endophyte nor alkaloid concentrations. Our study provides evidence for an herbivore-specific induction of endophyte-mediated responses following herbivore attack on its host grass. Our results suggest that the grass–endophyte symbiosis involves a close chemical crosstalk between the interacting partners.
Specific induction of TSLP by the viral RNA analogue poly(I:C) in primary epithelial cells derived from nasal polyps
<p>Database with files used for generating the result in this manuscript.</p>
EFFECTIVENESS OF USING A FREQUENCY CONVERTER WITH SMOOTH SPEED CONTROL OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
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Machine Learning-assisted immunophenotyping of peripheral blood identifies innate immune cells as best predictor of response to induction chemo-immunotherapy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma – knowledge obtained from the CheckRad-CD8 trial
<p>Raw cell counts from peripheral blood immune phenotyping across individual patients.</p>
The bacterial toxin colibactin triggers prophage induction
<p>Raw data associated with project.</p>
Fig. 1 in Osmotic induction marking with Alizarin Red S on juveniles of pejerrey, Odontesthes bonariensis (Atherinopsidae)
Fig. 1. Photographs of untreated pejerrey analyzed structures (30 days after experimental conditions): sagitta otolith (a), scale (b), caudal fin rays (c) under light microscope. Scale bar = 200 µm.
Table-Matrix, containing all the codes generated from the inductive analysis process of the 78 articles that made up the final sample. (Not only Opportunity, but also Uncertainty: A systematic review of how entrepreneurship literature appropriates both constructs.)
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Figure 3 in Experimental induction of resins as a tool to understand variability in ambers
Figure 3. Experimental Agathis australis examples: (a–b) branch treatment in which three upper branches were removed to mimic noncatastrophic damage; (c–d) burn treatment in which each tree was burned on one side creating a burn 6 cm in length along the trunk to mimic a wild fire burning at a low level; (a) day 1 of branch treatment; (b) final day of branch treatment with less viscous light yellow resin visible; (c) day 1 of the burn treatment with small resin beads forming; (d) final day of burn treatment with viscous exudation.
Evaluating Inductive Reasoning Capabilities of Large Language Models With The One Dimensional Abstract Reasoning Corpus
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Fig. 6 in Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Swertia petiolata against gastric cancer cell line SNU-5 is via induction of apoptosis ⁎
Fig. 6. LC–MS chromatogram of methanolic extract of S. petiolata.
Table 2 in Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Swertia petiolata against gastric cancer cell line SNU- 5 is via induction of apoptosis ⁎
<p><b>Table 2</b> LC–MS identification of major constituents of methanolic extract of <i>Swertia petiolata</i>. The retention time peak numbers are as per Fig. 6.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Peak no.</th><th>Retention time (minutes)</th><th>M-H</th><th>M + H</th><th>Molecular weight</th><th>Compound</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>1</th><td>7.6</td><td>355</td><td>–</td><td>354</td><td>Chlorogenic acid</td></tr><tr><th>2</th><td>9.9</td><td>163</td><td>165</td><td>164</td><td><i>p</i> -Coumaric acid</td></tr><tr><th>3</th><td>11.2</td><td>–</td><td>455</td><td>456</td><td>Ursolic acid</td></tr><tr><th>4</th><td>12.4</td><td>–</td><td>465</td><td>464</td><td>Myrecetin 3- <i>O</i> -rahamnoside</td></tr><tr><th>5</th><td>15.1</td><td>326</td><td>–</td><td>327</td><td>Unidentified</td></tr><tr><th>6</th><td>15.9</td><td>433</td><td>435</td><td>434</td><td>Quercetin 3-arabinoside</td></tr><tr><th>7</th><td>18.5</td><td>447</td><td>–</td><td>448</td><td>Kaempherol 3- <i>O</i> -glucoside</td></tr><tr><th>8</th><td>21.3</td><td>271</td><td>273</td><td>272</td><td>Naringenin</td></tr><tr><th>9</th><td>22.4</td><td>269</td><td>–</td><td>270</td><td>Genistein</td></tr><tr><th>10</th><td>26.2</td><td>315</td><td>–</td><td>316</td><td>Isorhamnetin</td></tr><tr><th>11</th><td>28.7</td><td>287</td><td>289</td><td>288</td><td>Swerchirin</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 1 in Cytotoxicity of methanolic extract of Swertia petiolata against gastric cancer cell line SNU- 5 is via induction of apoptosis ⁎
<p><b>Table 1</b> IC 50 of methanolic extract of <i>S</i>. <i>petiolata</i> against different cancer cell lines determined by MTT assay.</p><table><tbody><tr><th>Cell line</th><th>IC50 (μg/ml)</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Human lung cancer cell line A-549</th><td>75</td></tr><tr><th>Human prostate cancer cell line PC-3</th><td>125</td></tr><tr><th>Human breast cancer cell line MCF-7</th><td>75</td></tr><tr><th>Human gastric cancer cell line SNU-5</th><td>64</td></tr><tr><th>Human pancreas cancer cell line MiaPaca-2</th><td>75</td></tr><tr><th>Human normal cell line fR2</th><td>250</td></tr></tbody></table>
Phenotypic plasticity in plant defense across life stages: inducibility, transgenerational induction, and transgenerational priming in wild radish
As they develop, many plants deploy shifts in anti-herbivore defense allocation due to changing costs and benefits of their defensive traits. Plant defenses are known to be primed or directly induced by herbivore damage within generations, and across generations by long-lasting epigenetic mechanisms. However, little is known about the ontogenetic trajectories of epigenetically inducible defensive traits across generations and their consequences. To help fill this knowledge gap, we conducted a multigenerational experiment to determine whether defense induction in wild radish plants was reflected in chromatin modifications (DNA methylation); we then examined ontogenetic trajectories (seedlings to reproductive plants) of current and transgenerational plasticity in anti-herbivore chemical (glucosinolates) and physical (trichomes) defenses in this species. Herbivory triggered genome methylation both in targeted plants and their offspring. Within one generation, both defenses were highly inducible at the seedling stage but only marginally or non-inducible in reproductive plants. Across generations, herbivory experienced by mother plants caused strong direct induction of physical defenses in their progeny, with effects lasting from seedling to reproductive stages. For chemical defenses, however, this transgenerational induction was evident only in adults. Transgenerational priming was observed in physical defenses both for seedlings and adult plants. Our results show that transgenerational induction and priming in response to herbivore offense differ for physical and chemical defense and change across plant life stages.
Figure 3 in Osmotic induction of stress proteins in nemerteans
Figure 3. Western immunoblot of SP70 and SP90 in Paranemertes peregrina during exposure to 34‰ (control), and 39 and 44‰ (hyperosmotic) conditions for 0, 12 and 24 h.
Tetrel-Centered Exchange Cascades to Decouple Inhibition and Induction of Thiol-Mediated Uptake: Introducing Cell-Penetrating Thiolactones, Focus on Reversible Michael Acceptor Dimers
<p>Original data</p>
Removal of shoots from common bean explants for callus induction
<p>Removal of shoots from common bean explants for callus induction published in the PhD dissertation named "Unraveling the raffinose family oligosaccharides metabolic pathway in common bean: From gene discovery to gene editing for improved nutrition"</p>
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