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Fig. 44 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 44. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), small slender macroconch, USNM 12284 (5 Whitfield, 1880: pl. 13, fig. 12) (cast 5 YPM 35578), from ''the Fort Pierre Group, on the Cheyenne River, near Rapid Creek, Black Hills, Dakota.'' A spiral furrow (arrows) extends from the middle of the exposed phragmocone to the point of recurvature on the left side. A. Right lateral; B. aperture; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 9 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic section of the Bearpaw Shale on Porcupine Dome, southeast Montana, spanning the Baculites sp. (smooth) to B. grandis zones. The Baculites compressus–B. cuneatus zones are approximately 45 m thick.

Fig. 55 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 55. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), macroconchs, transitional to H. brevis. A–C. USNM 536233, USGS Mesozoic loc. 23072, Pierre Shale, near Sage Creek, Pennington County, South Dakota. A chunk of shell is missing from the adapical part of the body chamber. A. Apertural; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D–F. AMNH 58512, more slender and finely ribbed than holotype, locality unknown. D. Ventral hook; E. apertural; F. left lateral. These specimens are assigned to H. nodosus rather than H. brevis because the body chamber is elongate and the ventrolateral tubercles persist to the aperture. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 64 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 64. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), microconchs. A, B. BHI 4220, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural. The apertural margin was accidentally ground down during preparation. C–E. BHI 7004, Pierre Shale, Didymoceras cheyennense Zone, Pierre Shale, Custer County, South Dakota. C. Right lateral; D. ventral; E. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 54 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 54. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), macroconchs. A, B. BHI 4948, Baculites compressus Zone, Pierre Shale, Meade County, South Dakota. A. Ventral; B. left lateral. C, D. YPM 35598, YPM loc. C3347, Pierre Shale, Belle Fourche River, South Dakota. A spiral furrow extends from the point of exposure to the aperture on the right side of the shell (fig. 35B). C. Ventral; D. left lateral. Specimens are illustrated natural size.

Fig. 43 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 43. Spacing of ventrolateral tubercles on the adult shell of Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852). A. AMNH 9520/1, slender macroconch, possibly one of the original specimens collected by Meek and

Fig. 7 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 7. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), microconchs. A–D. USNM 12291 (5 Scaphites nodosus var. quadrangularis), illustrated in Whitfield (1880: pl. 13, figs. 10, 11), said to be from the Pierre Shale ''on the Cheyenne River, near Rapid and French Creeks, and also from beds which contain a mingling of the

Fig. 6. A–C in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 6. A–C. Hoploscaphites plenus (Meek, 1876), microconch, USNM 365 (5 Scaphites nodosus var. quadrangularis, paratype, cast), illustrated in Meek (1876: pl. 25, fig. 4), said to be from the Pierre Shale on the ''Yellowstone River, Montana, 150 miles above its mouth,'' and probably, more specifically, from the Cedar Creek Anticline, Dawson County, Montana. A. Right lateral; B. ventral; C. left lateral. D–G.

Fig. 5 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 5. Hoploscaphites brevis (Meek, 1876), macroconch, holotype, USNM 367, Pierre Shale, probably from the Sage Creek area, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral; D. left lateral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 4 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 4. Hoploscaphites nodosus (Owen, 1852), macroconch with part of the hook missing, holotype, UC 6381, Pierre Shale, probably from the Sage Creek area, Pennington County, South Dakota. A. Right lateral; B. apertural; C. ventral. Specimen is illustrated natural size.

Fig. 3 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 3. Drainage map of southwest South Dakota showing the rivers and creeks mentioned in early accounts of western exploration of part of what was then known as the Nebraska Territory. The numbers 1 and 2 indicate Sage Creek and Bear Creek, respectively, two of the collecting localities of Meek and Hayden in 1853.

Fig. 2 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 2. Upper Cretaceous (Campanian and Maastrichtian) ammonite biostratigraphy of the U.S. Western Interior showing the zones of Baculites compressus and B. cuneatus (Cobban et al., 2006). The absolute ages are derived from 40Ar/39Ar analyses of bentonites containing sanidines. In North America, the Campanian is divided into three parts. The Campanian/Maastrichtian boundary is currently placed in the middle of the B. eliasi Zone, based on recent work in Tercis, France, and the Vistula River Valley, Poland (Remin, 2009).

Fig. 1 in Scaphites Of The ''Nodosus Group'' From The Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Of The Western Interior Of North America

Fig. 1. Map of the upper Campanian Baculites compressus Zone showing the shoreline along the western margin of the Western Interior Seaway. The shoreline is dashed, for example, in eastern Wyoming, because of a lack of data. The dots indicate localities of B. compressus. Numbers refer to USGS Mesozoic localities, as listed below, except for locality 1 (Geological Survey of Canada). See appendix 1 for a description of localities. 1. GSC C-186877 (Jerzykiewicz, 1996); 2. D4129–32; 3. D4125–27; 4. D4120; 5. 7325, D2553, D3634; 6. 9866; 7. 23990; 8. 24178; 9. D3819, D3820; 10. D3827; 11. D6854; 12. 4710, 6037; 13. D3624; 14. D3083; 15. D490; 16. D4138; 17. D764; 18. D76; 19. D3595, D3599; 20. D4209; 21. 21577, D5659; 22. D782; 23. D780; 24. D2632, D2633; 25. D3575; 26. D3578; 27. 21224; 28. D3443; 29. 23057; 30. D1055; 31. D4994; 32. D1598, D2393; 33. D3074; 34. D1594, 23072; 35. D13708; 36. D2618; 37. D213; 38. D1661; 39. D1657; 40. D13791; 41. D4968; 42. D13507; 43. D13508; 44. D4965; 45. D4101; 46. D8782; 47. D5037; 48. D8378; 49. D9637, D9640; 50. D9677; 51. D5991; 52. D1351; 53. D8089; 54. D4497; 55. D8068; 56. D2723; 57. D2941; 58. D337; 59. D40; 60. D271, D280; 61. D8004; 62. D8874; 63. D1080; 64. D615; 65. D440.

Fig. 31 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 31. Photographs and line drawings of the basicranial region of M-2984 (A) and M-2967 (B) showing the morphology of the parabasisphenoid-basiocccipital suture. The suture in M-2984 is relatively straight and exhibits a remnant of the fenestra basicranialis (fb). The suture in M-2967 is rostrally curved and marked by two caudolateral processes of the parabasisphenoid. The fenestra basicranialis is obliterated. A rostrally convex ridge marking the insertion of the M. rectus capitis is present and has a rostral position on the parabasisphenoid in both specimens.

Fig. 25 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 25. Photographs and line drawings of the pterygoid in dorsolateral view showing the ossified dorsal wall that separates the canalis cavernosus (foreground) and the internal carotid canal, which terminates rostrally with the foramen caroticum laterale (fcl). This wall is penetrated by the foramen pro ramo nervi vidiani, which transmits the vidian nerve from the canalis cavernosus to the internal carotid canal. The ossification of the wall around this foramen is variable in the SMRS as seen in M-2992 (A, left), (B, right), and M-2991 (C, right). The prootic, which is not articulated in these photographs, lies above the pterygoid and participates in the foramen caroticum laterale and foramen pro ramo nervi vidiani.

Fig. 22 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 22. Photographs and line drawings of the basicranial region of M-2984 (A) and M-2966 (B) in caudoventral view. In M-2984, the chorda tympani nerve passes through a groove in the quadrate rather than through a fully enclosed foramen (canalis chorda tympani quadrati) as seen in M-2966. The path of the chorda tympani external to this opening is preserved in M-2984 and denoted here by an arrow.

Fig. 27 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 27. Photographs and line drawings of the left opisthotic in rostral (M-2964, A) and medial (M- 2992, B) views. The arrow marks the path of the glossopharyngeal nerve along the caudal wall of the cavum labyrinthicum (cl), which is formed by the processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic (pi). Note the differences in the ossification of the medial wall of the fenestra perilymphatica in the two specimens.

Fig. 19 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 19. Photographs and line drawings of the palatal surface of M-2985 (A) and M-2999 (B) showing the contacts of the palatine, maxilla, and foramen palatinum posterius. The most common condition in the SMRS is for the maxilla to form the lateral margin of this foramen (A). The palatines sometimes meet lateral to the foramen palatinum posterius on the ventral surface of the palate.

Fig. 18 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 18. Photographs and line drawings of the palatal surface of M-2979 (A), M-2974 (B), and M-2983 (C). The palatines obscure the vomer-pterygoid contact in M-2974. The shape of the vomer-pterygoid contact can be broadly rounded or obtuse as in M-2974 or the vomer can terminate caudally at a single point as in M-2983. The development of the rostral margin of pterygoid appears to be the major factor controlling the morphology of this character.

Fig. 30 in Postnatal Ontogeny Of The Skull In Th E Ex Tant North Am Eric An Turtle Sternotherus Odoratus (Crypto Dir A: Kinosterni Dae) G A B E S. B E V Er

Fig. 30. Photographs and line drawings of the occipital and basicranial regions in M-2980 (A) and M- 2983 (B) (the least and most mature specimens in the SMRS). Note the relative ossification of the exoccipitals. IX? (B) marks the possible path of the glossopharyngeal nerve out of the recessus scalae tympani, which is delimited by small, processlike ossifications around the rim of the fenestra postotica.