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Figure 13 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 13. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Norona section, western Cuba (modified from Torres-Silva et al. 2017).

Figure 10 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 10. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Entronque de Herradura section, western Cuba.

Figure 8 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 8. Palaeogeographical distribution of the Eocene nummulitid species found at the Cuban localities. Map adapted from Pindell (2009).

Figure 19 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 19. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. Orange arrows indicate possible source of morphological changes. A, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus at localities 98LC-2, 98LC-2 and E-126. B, discriminant analysis within Operculinoides floridensis at localities 98 LC-1, CA-215 and CA-216. C, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis at localities 98LC-1, CA-125 and NOR-UN.

Figure 7. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 7. A, schematic diagram showing the Eocene depositional environments in sections from western and central Cuba (modified from Cotton 2012). B, schematic diagram showing depth zonation of nummulitid species and larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) present in the Eocene section across the depositional gradient (modified from Beavington-Penney & Racey 2004).

Figure 4 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 4. Discriminant analysis of nummulitid species, where the important discriminators are ranked along the discriminant functions. A, discriminant analysis between Operculinoides and Palaeonummulites species; B, discriminant analysis within Nummulites striatoreticulatus from different localities; C, discriminant analysis within O. floridensis from different localities; D, discriminant analysis within O. soldadensis from different localities.

Figure 9 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 9. Distribution of larger benthic foraminifera (LBF) in the Angelita Quarry section, western Cuba.

Figure 6 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 6. Stratigraphical ranges of the nummulitid species from the Cuban sections and their correlation with the standard planktonic zones. A, Pearson et al. (2006); B, Berggren et al. (1995); C, Martini (1971); D, Agnini et al. (2014).

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 5. Ordinations and discriminant analysis. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; genera are separated by different shapes (squares = Operculinoides; polygons = Palaeonummulites; triangles = Heterostegina). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Heterostegina sp. indet. and Operculinoides. C, discriminant analysis of Heterostegina species and Operculinoides or Palaeonummulites species; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 2 in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 2. Measurements of characters in equatorial section. A, embryonic apparatus; B, marginal test spiral; C, chamber measurements; D, example individual, Operculinoides floridensis, specimen 98LC-1H-648.

Figure 1. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 1. A, schematic tectonic map of western and central Cuba (after Iturrlade-Vinent 1994), with locations of the stratigraphical sections and samples. B, stratigraphical relations of Eocene units in western and central Cuba, slightly modified from Garćıa-Delgado & Torres-Silva (1997); stratigraphical ranges of the studied sections: A, 98LC-2; B, 98LC-1; C, LM-52; D, NOR-UN; E, 98MT-1; F, E-126; G, CA-215.

Figure 3. A in Morphometric analysis of Eocene nummulitids in western and central Cuba: taxonomy, biostratigraphy and evolutionary trends

Figure 3. A, two-dimensional ordination of studied specimens; colours accord with the results of the K-means cluster analysis. Numbers indicate the measured type material: 1, Nummulites stritoreticulatus, holotype; 2, N. macgillavry (from Butterlin 1981); 3, Operculinoides trinitatensis, holotype; 4, O. spiralis, holotype; 5. O. kugleri, holotype; 6, N. trinitatensis (from Butterlin 1961); 7, O. willcoxi (from Barker 1939); 8, O. willcoxi (from Cole 1941); 9, O. floridensis (from Frost & Langenheim 1974); 10, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 11, O. floridensis (from Cole 1941); 12, O. soldadensis (from Vaughan & Cole 1941); 13, O. suteri (from Caudri 1996); 14, N. floridensis (from Butterlin 1961). B, three-dimensional ordination of the studied specimens emphasizes the variation in the third component, highlighting the differentiation between Nummulites from 98LC-2 and Palaeonummulites from 98LC-1. C, discriminant analysis between the interpreted species: Nummulites striatoreticulatus, Palaeonummulites trinitatensis, Operculinoides floridensis and Operculinoides soldadensis; parameters are sorted in order of their importance as discriminators.

Figure 6 in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 6. Tentative middle Miocene palaeogeography of the Caribbean realm and South America (based on Iturralde-Vinent & MacPhee 1999; Del Ŕıo 2000; Herńandez et al. 2005; Hoorn et al. 2010b; Candela et al. 2012; extent of the Paranaense Sea probably too large (dashed blue line); compare Acenolaza 2000; Cione et al. 2011; Ruskin et al. 2011) and Miocene records of Pellucistoma (the late Miocene P. magniventra (Florida) and P. aff. spurium (Bahamas) records are not displayed; compare Fig. 5).

Figure 4. d18O and d13C in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 4. d18O and d13C isotopic ratios of Cyprideis species associated with Pellucistoma curupira sp. nov. Abbreviation: no.s., number of shells used for analysis. Grey shaded polygons display the range of results obtained from fossil and Recent ostracods from the Eiruneṕe region (Gross et al. 2013). (Note: the indicated range for modern rivers and floodplain lakes is based on aragonitic mollusc shells (Wesselingh et al. 2006), which give somewhat heavier values for the same environmental parameters compared to ostracod calcite (Grossman & Ku 1986)).

Figure 5 in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 5. Fossil and Recent records of Pellucistoma species (mean annual sea surface temperature (SST) based on NASA data (http:// svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/index.html; accessed 18 September 2014); for details see Supplemental Material 1 and 2; species only known from the fossil record marked with †.

Figure 2 in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 2. Transmitted light photographs (A, B, focus stacked) and schematic drawings (C, D) of Pellucistoma curupira sp. nov. A, MPEG-513-M, left valve, internal view (length = 0.37 mm, height = 0.18 mm); B, MPEG-509-M, right valve, internal view of Figure 3F; C, left valve, internal view, based on A and Figure 3E; D, right valve, internal view, based on B and Figure 3H (compare also Fig. 3F).

Figure 3 in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 3. Pellucistoma curupira sp. nov. A, MPEG-504-M, left valve, external view (length = 0.36 mm, height = 0.17 mm); B, MPEG-505-M, right valve, external view (length = 0.38 mm, height = 0.18 mm); C, MPEG-506-M, left valve, external view (length = 0.38 mm, height = 0.18 mm); D, MPEG-507-M, right valve, external view (length = 0.36 mm, height = 0.18 mm); E, MPEG-508-M, left valve, internal view (length = 0.35 mm, height = 0.17 mm); F, MPEG-509-M, right valve, internal view (length = 0.34 mm, height = 0.17 mm); G, MPEG-510-M, left valve, internal view (length = 0.37 mm, height = 0.18); H, holotype MPEG-503-M, right valve, internal view (length = 0.36 mm, height = 0.18 mm); I, MPEG-511-M, left valve, dorsal view (length = 0.34 mm, height = 0.17 mm); J, MPEG-512-M, right valve, dorsal view (length = 0.36 mm, height = 0.17 mm); K, anterior hinge element of I; L, anterior hinge element of J; M, posterior hinge element of I; N, posterior hinge element of J; O, ventral concavity of E; P, ventral concavity of H; Q, anti-slip tooth of J (oblique dorsal view); R, normal pore, sieve-type of B; S, hinge of E; T, hinge of H; U, central muscle scars of E; V, central muscle scars of H.

Figure 1 in A minute ostracod (Crustacea: Cytheromatidae) from the Miocene Solim oes Formation (western Amazonia, Brazil): evidence for marine incursions?

Figure 1. Location of the studied well 1AS-10-AM in western Amazonia. A, overview map; B, position of exploration wells (after Maia et al. 1977); star = herein investigated core; compare Gross et al. (2014).

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Figure 5 in A new and rare epigean asellid from western Mexico Caecidotea contrerasbalderasi sp. nov. (Isopoda: Asellidae) with a new suture pattern in pleopod IV for the Mexican epigean species

Figure 5. Suture patterns of pleopod IV: A, Pattern A, with 2 false sutures and apical incision; B, Pattern B, with single sigmoid false suture; C, Pattern C, without sutures. Figures A and B taken and redrawn from Lewis and Bowman (1981: 6, fig 7).