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Dynamic nature of epigenetic patterns observed during the Mars 520-d mission simulation

Interplanetary human spaceflight represents a formidable medical challenge but also provides a unique platform for investigating human adaptation to extreme environmental changes. Understanding the long-term effects of isolation has relevance in a range of scenarios and it is well recognized that a better understanding of the relationship between environmental exposure and the epigenome can lead to more effective preventive measures. Here we conduct a longitudinal epigenetic mood state and biochemical profiling of 6 crew members in an experiment simulating a 520-day mission to Mars. Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip was used to obtain DNA methylation profiles. Firstly we found that long-term isolation can induce global DNA methylation remodeling and this change seems to be an active adaptation (rather than a random process or a by-product of the isolation). This study is the first to demonstrate the dynamic relationship between global epigenetic remodeling and isolation-induced mood state and biochemical changes. Secondly by considering the location of methylation sites within the genome and using gene-pathway annotation we were able to identify pathways that were significantly enriched in methylation events and consider their association with specific function and the timeline of the mission. Thirdly via our definition of epi-entropy a measure of entropy adapted to methylation events we observed that the methylation remodeling produced a marked reduction in epi-entropy. Results suggest that DNA methylation change is an indicator of change rather than its by-product i.e. there is a psychology-epigenome-metabolism model of long-term depression; DNA methylation programs the environment signal into the epigenome which is subsequently transformed into the biochemical output and health outcome. Thus longitudinal epigenetic profiling could code the effect of isolation and act as early indicators of latent health outcome. A longitudinal epigenetic mood state and biochemical profiling of 6 crew members in an experiment simulating a 520-day mission to Mars. 36 samples of blood cell DNA methylation profiling were obtained by Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip across 6 sampling points during the 520 days mission for all of the 6 crew members.

restrictedus-pdApr 2025View details →

THE OAO/OASIS JUPITER OBSERVATION OF SL9 FRAGMENT K V1.0

Using OASIS at cassegrain focus of the 188-cm telescope of the Okayama Astrophysical Observatory, infrared images centered at 2.35 micron were taken of the crash of fragment K from the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet into Jupiter. The data consist of 160 images with detached labels and documentation.

Machine Learning for Earth Observation Flight Planning Optimization

This paper is a progress report of an effort whose goal is to demonstrate the effectiveness of automated data mining and planning for the daily management of Earth Science missions. Currently, data mining and machine learning technologies are being used by scientists at research labs for validating Earth science models. However, few if any of these advancedtechniques are currently being integrated into daily mission operations. Consequently, there are significant gaps in the knowledge that can be derived from the models and data that are used each day for guiding mission activities. The result can be sub-optimal observation plans, lack of useful data, and wasteful use of resources. Recent advances in data mining, machine learning, and planning make it feasible to migrate these technologies into the daily mission planning cycle. This paper describes the design of a closed loop system for data acquisition, processing, and flight planning that integrates the results of machine learning into the flight planning process.

TES/Aura L2 Carbon Dioxide Nadir Special Observation V007

TL2CO2NS_7 is the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES)/Aura Level 2 Carbon Dioxide Nadir Special Observation Version 7 data product. TES Level 2 data contain retrieved species (or temperature) profiles at the observation targets and the estimated errors. The geolocation, quality, and other data (e.g., surface characteristics for nadir observations) are also provided. L2 modeled spectra are evaluated using radiative transfer modeling algorithms. The process, referred to as retrieval, compares observed spectra to the modeled spectra and iteratively updates the atmospheric parameters. L2 standard product files include information for one molecular species (or temperature) for an entire global survey or special observation run. A global survey consists of a maximum of 16 consecutive orbits. Nadir and limb observations are in separate L2 files, and a single ancillary file is composed of data that are common to both nadir and limb files. A nadir sequence within the TES Global Survey is a fixed number of observations within an orbit for a Global Survey. Prior to April 24, 2005, it consisted of two low resolution scans over the same ground locations. After April 24, 2005, Global Survey data consisted of three low resolution scans. The Nadir standard product consists of four files, where each file is composed of the Global Survey Nadir observations from one of four focal planes for a single orbit, i.e. 72 orbit sequences. The Global Survey Nadir observations currently only use a single set of filter mix. A Global Survey consists of observations along 16 consecutive orbits at the start of a two day cycle, over which 3,200 retrievals are performed. Each observation is the input for retrievals of species Volume Mixing Ratios (VMR), temperature profiles, surface temperature and other data parameters with associated pressure levels, precision, total error, vertical resolution, total column density and other diagnostic quantities. Each TES Level 2 standard product reports information in a swath format conforming to the HDF-EOS Aura File Format Guidelines. Each Swath object is bounded by the number of observations in a global survey and a predefined set of pressure levels representing slices through the atmosphere. Each standard product can have a variable number of observations depending upon the Global Survey configuration and whether averaging is employed. Also, missing or bad retrievals are not reported. The organization of data within the Swath object is based on a superset of the UARS pressure levels used to report concentrations of trace atmospheric gases. The reporting grid is the same pressure grid used for modeling. There are 67 reporting levels from 1211.53 hPa, which allows for very high surface pressure conditions, to 0.1 hPa, about 65 km. In addition, the products will report values directly at the surface when possible or at the observed cloud top level. Thus, in the Standard Product files each observation can potentially contain estimates for the concentration of a particular molecule at 67 different pressure levels within the atmosphere. However, for most retrieved profiles, the highest pressure levels are not observed due to a surface at lower pressure or cloud obscuration. For pressure levels corresponding to altitudes below the cloud top or surface, where measurements were not possible, a fill value will be applied. To minimize the duplication of information between the individual species standard products, data fields common to each species (such as spacecraft coordinates, emissivity, and other data fields) have been collected into a separate standard product, termed the TES L2 Ancillary Data product (ESDT short name: TL2ANC). Users of this product should also obtain the Ancillary Data product.

Sentinel-3A OLCI Level-2 Earth-observation Reduced-Resolution (ERR) Inherent Optical Properties (IOP), Near Real-time (NRT) Data, version R2022.0

The Ocean Biology DAAC produces near real-time (quicklook) products using the best-available combination of ancillary data from meteorological and ozone data. As such, the inputs and the calibration used are less than optimal. Quicklook products provide a snapshot of the data during a short time period within a single orbit.

Ground-Based Global Navigation Satellite System Observation Summary Data (30-second sampling, daily files) from NASA CDDIS

This dataset consists of ground-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Observation Summary Data (30-second sampling, daily files of all distinct navigation messages received in one day) from the NASA Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS). GNSS provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning with global coverage. GNSS data sets from ground receivers at the CDDIS consist primarily of the data from the U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Russian GLObal NAvigation Satellite System (GLONASS). Since 2011, the CDDIS GNSS archive includes data from other GNSS (Europe’s Galileo, China’s Beidou, Japan’s Quasi-Zenith Satellite System/QZSS, the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System/IRNSS, and worldwide Satellite Based Augmentation Systems/SBASs), which are similar to the U.S. GPS in terms of the satellite constellation, orbits, and signal structure. The daily files contain summary information of one day of GPS or multi-GNSS observations (30-second sampling) data in RINEX format from a global permanent network of ground-based receivers, one file per site. More information about these data is available on the CDDIS website at https://cddis.nasa.gov/Data_and_Derived_Products/GNSS/daily_30second_data.html.

INTEGRAL Observing Program

This HEASARC database table contains the INTEGRAL pointed observing programs for AO-1 through AO-20 and includes targets in both the Core Program (Guaranteed Time) pointed observations list and in the General Program (Open Time) accepted observations list. The structure of this database table was last revised by the HEASARC in August 2007. It was updated to include AO-20 in November 2022. The contents of the table are automatically updated on a weekly basis using the referenced data obtained from the ESA INTEGRAL mission website at <a href="http://integral.esac.esa.int/">http://integral.esac.esa.int/</a>. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

Sentinel-3A OLCI Level-1B Earth-observation Reduced Resolution (ERR) Data, version 1

The Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) is the successor to ENVISAT's Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) having additional spectral channels, different camera arrangements and simplified on-board processing. The OLCI is a push-broom instrument with five camera modules sharing the field of view. The field of view of the five cameras is arranged in a fan-shaped configuration in the vertical plane, perpendicular to the platform velocity. Each camera has an individual field of view of 14.2° and a 0.6° overlap with its neighbors. The whole field of view is shifted across track by 12.6 degrees away from the sun to minimize the impact of sun glint. OLCI is equipped with on-board calibration hardware based on sun diffusers. There are three sun diffusers--two 'white' diffusers dedicated to radiometric calibration and one dedicated to spectral calibration, with spectral reflectance features. The native resolution is approximately 300m, referred to as Full Resolution (FR). A Reduced Resolution (RR) processing mode provides Level-1B data at sampling rates decreased by a factor of four in both spatial dimensions resulting to resolution of approximately 1.2 km.

restrictedus-pdMar 2025View details →

MAGDALENA RIDGE OBSERVATORY 2.4M PHOTGJON LCROSS OBSERVATION

This archive contains raw observations of the 2009-10-09 impact of the LCROSS spacecraft on the moon by the PHOTGJON instrument on the Magdalena Ridge Observatory 2.4m telescope. This dataset consists of frame-transfer CCD observations of the LCROSS impact site as well as unresolved images of the primary impactor in the final hours before impact.

Ground-Based Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) Observation Data (full-rate, daily, 24 hour files) from NASA CDDIS

This dataset consists of ground-based Satellite Laser Ranging observation data (full-rate, daily 24 hour files) from the NASA Crustal Dynamics Data Information System (CDDIS). SLR provides unambiguous range measurements to mm precision that can be aggregated over the global network to provide very accurate satellite orbits, time histories of station position and motion, and many other geophysical parameters. SLR operates in the optical region and is the only space geodetic technique that measures unambiguous range directly. Analysis of SLR data contributes to the terrestrial reference frame, modeling of the spatial and temporal variations of the Earth's gravitational field, and monitoring of millimeter-level variations in the location of the center of mass of the total Earth system (solid Earth-atmosphere-oceans). In addition, SLR provides precise orbit determination for spaceborne radar altimeter missions. It provides a means for sub-nanosecond global time transfer, and a basis for special tests of the Theory of General Relativity. Analysis Centers (ACs) of the International Laser Ranging Service (ILRS) retrieve SLR data on regular schedules to produce precise station positions and velocities for stations in the ILRS network. The daily SLR full-rate observation files contain data received in the previous 24-hour period from a global network of stations ranging to satellites equipped with retroreflectors. Data are available in ILRS data format (older data sets) and/or the Consolidated Ranging Data (CRD) format. More information about these data is available on the CDDIS website at https://cddis.nasa.gov/Data_and_Derived_Products/SLR/Full-rate_data.html.

restrictedus-pdApr 2025View details →

OSIRIS-REx Mt. Bigelow Ground Based Bennu Observations V1.0

This data set includes the ECAS system (Eight Color Asteroid Survey) photometry and light curve observations of the asteroid 101955 Bennu as well as the derived light curves. At the time of the observations, September 2005, the asteroid carried the provisional designation 1999 RQ36. Observations were made as a part of the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample return mission ground observing campaign to characterize potential mission targets. 101955 Bennu was subsequently chosen as the mission target. This particular data set contains observations of 101955 Bennu and a series of 5 standard stars taken at the University of Arizona Observatories Kuiper 1.54-m reflector.

restrictedus-pdMar 2025View details →

APACHE POINT OBSERVATORY 3.5M AGILE OBSERVATIONS OF LCROSS

This archive contains observations of the 2009-10-09 impact of the LCROSS spacecraft on the moon by the AGILE instrument on the Apache Point Observatory 3.5m telescope. The archive consists of FITS images of the event and calibration data. This is one of several data sets of Earth-based observations of the impact.

BeppoSAX WFC Observation Log

The SAXWFCLOG database contains the SAX WFCs observations log for the AO cycles and the Science Verification Phase (SVP). The two WFCs are located at 90 degrees from the NFI and set 180 degrees apart. The field of view is 40 deg X 40 deg and the coordinates given in this databases are the pointing positions. The database is updated regularly to include the most recent timeline, and updates are provided by the SAX-Science Data Center in Rome. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center's Journey of Lewis and Clark Gallery

The Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center manages the this gallery of Landsat-derived images of one of the most remarkable and productive scientific explorations in American history. The Corps of Discovery expedition crossed the territory of the newly acquired but uncharted Louisiana Purchase.

IRAM NOEMA (NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array) Observation Log

This table contains the IRAM NOEMA (NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array) observation log. The Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) was founded in 1979 and is operated as a French-German-Spanish collaboration. Its partner institutes are the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, France), the MPG (Max Planck Gesellschaft, Germany), and the IGN (Instituto Geografico Nacional, Spain). The principal activity of IRAM is the study of cold matter (molecular gas and dust) in the solar system, in our Galaxy, and out to cosmological distances, in order to determine its composition, density, mass, temperature, and kinematics. IRAM operates two observatories at millimeter wavelengths which are open to the international astronomical community: the 30-m single-dish telescope on Pico Veleta (2850 m), Spain, and the six-antenna interferometer on the Plateau de Bure (2550 m) in France. Both sites are at high altitude to reduce the absorption by water vapor. The observatories are supported by the IRAM offices and laboratories in Granada and Grenoble. The observation log included here concerns NOEMA, the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array, and summarizes the observations made there. NOEMA is the successor to the Plateau de Bure observatory. During its history, the observatory at the Plateau de Bure underwent several track extensions, received additional antennas (all of 15-m diameter and of similar construction to the first ones) and technical upgrades. From a three-antenna interferometer with a maximum baseline of 288 meters in 1988, it has evolved to a eight-antenna array with baselines up to 760 meters in 2016. With the inauguration of the seventh antenna in September, 2014, the observatory started its transformation into NOEMA. More information about NOEMA is <a href="http://www.iram.fr/IRAMFR/GILDAS/doc/html/noema-intro-html/noema-intro.html">available at the IRAM web site</a>. The observation log for the 30-m telescope is available as the HEASARC database table <a href="/W3Browse/ground-based/iram30mlog.html">IRAM30MLOG</a>, and the observation log for the Plateau de Bure Interferometer is available as the HEASARC database table <a href="/W3Browse/ground-based/irampdblog.html">IRAMPDBLOG</a>. For more information on IRAM, see <a href="http://www.iram-institute.org/">the IRAM home page</a>. This table was originally ingested by the HEASARC in August 2017. It is based on the CDS table B/iram/, files noema.dat and noema_pi.dat. It was last updated in September 2020, based on an updated version of these tables which were also obtained from the CDS. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center's Image of the Week Gallery

The Earth Resources Observation and Science (EROS) Center manages the this image of the week gallery.

BeppoSAX NFI Archive and Observation Log

The SAXNFILOG database contains the SAX Narrow Field Instruments (NFI) approved pointings, but it also served as an observations log. It includes data taken during AO1, AO2, AO3, A04 and AO5 cycles and the Science Verification Phase (SVP). This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .

restrictedus-pdApr 2025View details →

ISS Observations from the Cassini Tour of the Saturn System

This bundle contains Cassini ISS images, metadata, and associated documentation for the Saturn tour--January 2004 through end of mission in September 2017.

restrictedus-pdMar 2025View details →

VIMS Observations from the Cassini Tour of the Saturn System

This bundle contains Cassini VIMS data, metadata, and associated documentation for the Saturn tour--January 2004 through end of mission in September 2017.

Sentinel-3B OLCI Level-2 Earth-observation Reduced Resolution (ERR) Ocean Color (OC) - Near Real-time (NRT) Data, version R2022.0