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FIGURE 8 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 8. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) yanchengensis sp. nov., male: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 um.

FIGURE 3 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 3. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) pseudodistinctus sp. nov., male: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Idiosoma, dorsolateral view; D = Palp. Scale bars: A B C =200 um, D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 1 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 1. Arrenurus (Truncaturus) linguaus sp. nov., male: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Idiosoma, dorsolateral view; D = Palp. Scale bars: A B C =150 um, D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 11 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 11. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) crassicaudatus Kramer, 1875, female: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Palp. Scale bars: A B = 200 μm, C = 100 μm.

FIGURE 5 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 5. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) pseudodistinctus sp. nov., female: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Palp. Scale bars: A B =250 um, C = 100 μm.

FIGURE 2 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 2. Arrenurus (Truncaturus) linguaus sp. nov., male: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 um.

FIGURE 14 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 14. Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) ussuriensis Sokolow, 1931, male: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 16 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 16. Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) ussuriensis Sokolow, 1931, female: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 7 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 7. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) yanchengensis sp. nov., male: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Idiosoma, dorsolateral view; D = Palp. Scale bars: A B C =200 um, D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 13 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 13. Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) ussuriensis Sokolow, 1931, male: A = Idiosoma, ventral view; B = Idiosoma, dorsal view; C = Idiosoma, dorsolateral view; D = Palp. Scale bars: A B C =200 um, D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 10 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 10. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) crassicaudatus Kramer, 1875, male: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 μm.

FIGURE 4 in Three new and two newly recorded species of the water mite genus Arrenurus Dugès, 1834 (Acari, Hydrachnidia: Arrenuridae) from China

FIGURE 4. Arrenurus (Arrenurus) pseudodistinctus sp. nov., male: A = I-L; B = II-L; C = III-L; D = IV-L. Scale bars: A B C D = 100 um.

Figure 13 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 13. Multivariate variation in the eight interlandmark distances measured between ventroglandularia V1, V2 and V3 in posterior view (distance set 3). A, scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. B, overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the set of distances from the ventroglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Figure 11.

Figure 12 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 12. Multivariate variation in the 15 interlandmark distances measured between postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2, D3 and D4 (distance set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with the highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 13 character states discovered in the collection of distances from the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as listed in Fig. 11.

Figure 11 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 11. Multivariate variation in the 13 interlandmark distances sampled from the dorsal view of the idiosoma (distance set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); distances with highest standardized factors are illustrated for both axes. (B) overall pattern of similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the 12 character states discovered in the distances from the idiosoma. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open green rhombuses, Dadayella aztecus; open red squares, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus catoi; solid black circles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus costeroae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus maya; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac endashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 14 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 14. Single most-parsimonious tree selected in our phylogenetic analysis of the combined morphometric data with TNT (score 95.8119). The character matrix included continuous values of three distance sets and five landmark configurations. Only one shape character, the cauda outline (data set 2), is optimized in this tree. Landmark configurations of cauda shape at terminal nodes are as observed in each species. The numbers on each configuration indicate shapes that are significantly different, as evaluated by the canonical variate analysis and MANOVA for landmark data set 2, as illustrated and labelled in Fig. 7B. In all hypothetical landmark configurations of the cauda shape at internal nodes, deformation vectors at each point indicate displacements relative to the ancestral shape as optimized with TNT.

Figure 8 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 8. Shape variation of the postocularia and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 in dorsal view (data set 3). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both roots. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the nine character states discovered in the postocularia and dorsoglandularia. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid red rhombuses, Megaluracarus maya; solid black circles, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.

Figure 4 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 4. Sets of landmark (LM) and semi-landmark (SLM) configurations designed to register the shape of the dorsal (A–D) and posterior (E) views. (A) collection of 23 points for the anterior idiosoma outline, with three LMs and 20 SLMs (data set 1). (B) chain of 17 points for the cauda outline, with three LMs and 14 SLMs (data set 2). (C) string of ten points for the postocularia R2 and dorsoglandularia D2 and D3 (data set 3). (D) configuration of four points for the dorsoglandularia D4 (data set 4). (E) Arrangement of ten points for the ventroglandularia V1, V2, and V3 (data set 5).

Figure 7 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 7. Shape variation of the cauda outline in dorsal view (data set 2). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2), deformation grids of shape changes relative to the mean shape are shown for both axes. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. All species were significantly different from each other, and therefore 13 character states were discovered in the cauda outline. Branches in the UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) are labelled according to discrimination order defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as described in Fig. 6.

Figure 6 in Geometric and traditional morphometrics for the assessment of character state identity: multivariate statistical analyses of character variation in the genus Arrenurus (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Arrenuridae)

Figure 6. Shape variation of the anterior idiosoma outline in dorsal view (data set 1). (A) scatter plot of canonical variate scores (root 1 vs. root 2); the deformation grid shows shape changes explained by the first discriminant axis. (B) overall pattern of shape similarity among 11 Megaluracarus species and two Dadayella species based on Mahalanobis distances computed from the canonical variate analysis. This UPGMA phenogram (unweighted-pair grouping method using averages) groups the ten character states discovered in the anterior idiosoma outline. Branches are labelled according to discrimination order, as defined by the canonical variates. Symbols in the plot and in the phenogram are as follows: open blue circles, Arrenurus (Dadayella) adrianae; open red squares, Dadayella aztecus; open green rhombuses, Arrenurus (Megaluracarus) anae; red solid rhombuses, Megaluracarus anitahoffmannae; black solid circles, Megaluracarus catoi; open pink triangles, Megaluracarus colitus; horizontal blue lines, Megaluracarus costeroae; solid grey squares, Megaluracarus maya; lilac en-dashes, Megaluracarus neoexpansus; purple plus signs, Megaluracarus olmeca; blue asterisks, Megaluracarus tabascoensis; solid green triangles, Megaluracarus urbanus; green hyphens, Megaluracarus zitavus.