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FIGURE 1 in The tadpole of Hylodes caete (Anura: Hylodidae), an endemic Atlantic rainforest Torrent frog of Brazil

FIGURE 1. Tadpole of Hylodes caete in preservative (lot CFBH 43891), Stage 25, total length 61.6 mm. (A) Lateral view, (B) dorsal view, (C) ventral view, and (D) oral disc.

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Morphological variation in the Vriesea procera complex (Bromeliaceae, Tillandsioideae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest, with recognition of new taxa

The family Bromeliaceae is essentially Neotropical, with high endemism and diversity in the Atlantic Rainforest Domain. Species circumscription is a major problem in the family systematics, especially in the most diverse genera. Species of the Vriesea procera complex, which occur in forests and restinga (coastal vegetation) along the South American Atlantic coast from Venezuela to southern Brazil, share the same basic vegetative and reproductive morphological patterns. However, they vary widely in the number and position of inflorescence branches as well as in the dimensions, position, and shape of the leaves and flowers in different populations. Here we aimed (i) to evaluate the morphological variation in the V. procera complex, through morphometric analyses of natural populations along the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest; and (ii) to determine the taxonomic relationships among these species, establishing the validity and the limits of variation of the taxa through taxonomic treatment. Fourteen natural populations, 271 individuals and 36 morphometric variables were analyzed. Kruskal-Wallis tests and discriminant analyses were conducted to test statistical differences between previously established groups. Of an original three species and three varieties, our data allowed us to recognize six species, including three new taxa and one new name and status. The resulting taxa are distinguished by the inflorescence and leaf sizes and especially by floral characteristics such as the length of bracts, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils, besides the petal apex posture and relative position of the stamen during anthesis. Recognition of cryptic species under the names V. procera and V. neoglutinosa is an important step toward a better understanding of the biodiversity of the Brazilian Atlantic Rainforest.

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FIGURE 3 in A new species of casque-headed tree frog, genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Geographic distribution of Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov. on topographic map featuring the coastline of the State of Bahia, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2 in A new species of casque-headed tree frog, genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Aparasphenodon arapapa sp. nov., UFBA 3948, holotype, adult male. (A) Dorsal and (B) lateral views of head; (C) hand, and (D) foot. Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 3.0 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of smooth horned frog, genus Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Cycloramphidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of eastern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Living specimens of Proceratophrys sanctaritae sp. nov. from Santa Rita forest, Serra do Timbó, Municipality of Amargosa, State of Bahia, Brazil. Holotype: A–C, UFBA 8487, adult male, SVL 39.9 mm. Paratopotypes, adult males: D, MNRJ 62355, SVL 42.0 mm; E, UFBA 8488, SVL 40.2 mm; F, MNRJ 62356, SVL 40.0 mm; G–H, MNRJ 62357, SVL 42.0 mm. I, UFBA 7314, SVL 45.5 mm (Photos by Rafael O. Abreu: A–H, 21 May 2009; I, 12 April 2007).

FIGURE 2 in A new species of smooth horned frog, genus Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Cycloramphidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of eastern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Holotype of Proceratophrys sanctaritae sp. nov., UFBA 8487, adult male. Dorsal (A) and lateral (B) views of head; ventral views of hand (C) and foot (D). Upper and lower horizontal lines equal 2.0 mm.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of smooth horned frog, genus Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Cycloramphidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of eastern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Proceratophrys sanctaritae sp. nov. Dorsal (left) and ventral (right) views of holotype, UFBA 8487, adult male, SVL 39.9 mm. Photo Rafael O. Abreu.

FIGURE 3 in A new species of Dendrophryniscus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 3. Dendrophryniscus oreites sp. nov., holotype, MZUSP 142493. Left: ventral view of hand (up) and foot (bottom). Right: lateral view of head (up), and dorsal view of the head (bottom). Dark scale bar represent 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 in A new species of Dendrophryniscus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 5. Habitat and landscape where the new species was found. Upper left: rain forest habitat at the slope of the Peito de Moça hill, at 850 m a.s.l. Upper right: the Peito de Moça hill (to 950 m a.s.l.), placed at Parque Nacional de Serra das Lontras, municipalities of Una and Arataca, state of Bahia. Bottom: panoramic view of the landscape in the surroundings of the type locality, showing the typical undulating relief of southern Bahia. Photos by Mauro Teixeira Jr.

FIGURE 4 in A new species of Dendrophryniscus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 4. Geographic distribution of Dendrophryniscus oreites sp. nov. in the context of its congeners. Blue dots: distribution of formerly known species in the genus; star: type locality of D. oreites sp. nov.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of Dendrophryniscus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Dendrophryniscus oreites sp. nov. (Holotype, MZUSP 142493, SVL 25.0 mm), dorsal and ventral views.

FIGURE 1 in A new species of Dendrophryniscus (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae) from the Atlantic Rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 1. Dendrophryniscus oreites sp. nov., holotype (MZUSP 142493) in life, adult male from Parque Nacional de Serra das Lontras, municipalities of Una and Arataca, state of Bahia, Brazil. Photo by Mauro Teixeira Jr.

FIGURE 5 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 5. Reconstructions of the biogeographical events of the species group of the E. dandara sp. nov., according to Treefitter. The time of events of each frame is arbitrarily assumed. T1-T7 are in relative time. (A) Reconstruction of p-tree of Fig. 3C (E. cavernicola sister of E. elinae); (B) Reconstruction of p-tree of Fig. 3D (E. aduncus sister of E. cavernicola). White square = duplication, white arrow = switching dispersal, black arrow = dispersal or range expansion. The dark gray shading is the Atlantic Forest, medium gray is Caatinga and light gray is Cerrado savannas.

FIGURE 2 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 2. The area cladograms used in the event analysis, TASS (A), BPA (B) (DaSilva et al., 2015b). PE = Pernambuco; Serg = Sergipe; SEsp = Serra do Espinhaço; BA = Bahia; ES = Espirito Santo; SMSP = Serra do Mar de São Paulo; LSRJ = Litoral Norte de São Paulo; Mnt = Serra da Mantiqueira; Boc = Serra da Bocaina; Org = Serra dos Órgãos; SC= Santa Catarina; PR = Paraná; SSP = Sul de São Paulo; Cha = Chapada Diamantina; Cerr = Cerrado.

FIGURE 7 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 7. Male paratype genitalia (Col. UFPB-OP 454). (A) Dorsal view; (B) Lateral view. Scale 50 µm.

FIGURE 4 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 4. Trackograms showing the significant reconstructions of the biogeographical events for the species group of E. dandara sp. nov., according to Treefitter. Organism phylogeny (p-tree) is represented in bold and the area cladogram (h-tree) in gray. (A) Reconstruction of p-tree of fig. 3C (E. cavernicola sister of E. elinae); (B) reconstruction of p-tree of Fig. 3D (E. aduncus sister of E. cavernicola). Black circle = vicariance, white square = duplication, white arrow = switching dispersal, X = extinction, black arrow = dispersal or range expansion.

FIGURE 3 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 3. (A) Phylogenetic hypotheses of Eusarcus species; the alternative topologies for the clade marked with a single asterisk, which includes the new species, are presented in B, C and D; the alternatives to the polytomy, marked with two asterisks, are discussed in Hara & Pinto-da-Rocha (2010).

FIGURE 6 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 6. Holotype of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (MNRJ 7055). (A) Dorsal scutum, habitus; (B) Dorsal scutum, left lateral view; (C) Right coxa and trochanter IV, dorsal view; (D) Right femur IV, dorsal view; (E) Right femur IV, ventral view; (F) Right femur IV, lateral view; (G) Right tibia IV dorsal view; (H) Right tibia IV, ventral view. (I) Right tibia IV, lateral view. Scale 1mm.

FIGURE 1 in Event-based biogeography of Eusarcus dandara sp. nov. (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae), an endemic species of the Northern Atlantic Rainforest of Brazil, and its closely related species

FIGURE 1. Map showing the records of E. dandara sp. nov. and the rest of genus range (shaded distribution). Full line is the Congruence Core and dashed line is the Maximum Region of Endemism of the areas of endemism Pernambuco (PE) and Bahia (BA), according to DaSilva et al. (2015a).