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FIGURES 11–19 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 11–19. SEM micrographs of postdefecating larva of Rhophitulus xenopalpus. 11, 12. Head, frontal and approximate lateral views, respectively; atp = anterior tentorial pit. 13. Entire larva, lateral view. 14. Abdominal segments 3–5 of another larva, lateral view, demonstrating pronounced dorsal sclerites mounting paired dorsal tubercle. 15. Posterior end, showing paired low dorsal swelling on T10, posterior view. 16. Abdominal segment 3, left side, demonstrating apical texture of paired dorsal tubercle and distinction between the integument of transverse sclerotic bands and wrinkled membranous integument separating bands of one segment from those of preceding and following segments. 17. Close up of rectangle of figure 16 demonstrating texture of wrinkled membranous area and firmer smooth area. 18. Close up of lateral lobe and surrounding area of abdominal lobe of abdominal segment 3. 19. Spiracle of abdominal segment 8, demonstrating lack of raised atrial rim.

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FIGURES 35–38 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 35–38. Microphotographs of last larval instar of Haetosmia vechti. 35, 36. Right mandible, inner and ventral views, respectively. 37. Lateral lobe of abdominal segment 8 left side, showing spiracle and 8 setae (arrows). 38. Spiracle side view, showing elongate subatrium with barrel-shaped chambers.

FIGURES 1– 5 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 1– 5. Microphotographs of nest components of Rhophitulus aff. xenopalpus. 1. Cell, viewed from below, showing symmetry of shape, soil-filled lateral, thickness of cell closure, and fecal material appressed to rear of top surface. 2. Cell wall with water droplet testing absorption rate of hydrofuge surface. 3, 4. Inner surfaces of cell closures showing spiral patterns. 5. Posterior end of cell, frontal view, showing discrete fecal pellets attached to rear ceiling. FIGURE 6. Microphotograph of nest cell of Rhophitulus mimus demonstrating cell shape and faint sheen of lining.

FIGURES 37–44 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 37–44. Microphotographs of cleared right mandibles of Rhophitulus. 37–40. Rhophitulus xenopalpus, dorsal, inner, inner with apex in maximum profile, and ventral views, respectively. 41, 42. Rhophitulus mimus, inner and ventral views, respectively. 43, 44. Cephalurgus anomalus, inner view and close-up of apex, respectively.

FIGURES 31–36 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 31–36. SEM micrographs with central row in figures 31, 33, and 35, each representing abdominal segment 3, dorsal views. 31. Rhophitulus xenopalpus show transverse sclerotic band with paired dorsal tubercles. 32. Same, close-up of integument on left side showing wrinkled texture of membrane and smooth texture of sclerite. 33. Rhophitulus mimus, mostly left side, showing midline interruption of transverse tubercle and small rounded tubercle mesad of each paired tubercle. 34. Same, close-up of tubercles on left side. 35. Cephalurgus anomalus, showing basal sclerotic ring to each paired tubercle. 36. Close-up of left tubercle and ring.

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FIGURES 1–11 in Nests, Floral Preferences, and Immatures of the Bee Haetosmia vechti (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae: Osmiini)

FIGURES 1–11. Nesting site and nests of Haetosmia vechti in Rehovot, Israel. 1. The sand hillock where nests were discovered is behind the person. 2. Part of the artificial sand hillock in which nests of Haetosmia vechti were discovered. The location of two adjacent nests is indicated by an arrow. 3. Female entering her burrow, concealed under dry leaves (arrow). 4. Exposed burrow entrance of Haetosmia vechti. 5. Female Haetosmia vechti digging a burrow. 6. An excavated nest with cell chamber (arrow). 7, 8. Two cell clusters from August 2013. 9. Cell cluster from October 2011 (with running ant). 10. Detail of cell wall from October 2011, showing needlelike structures characteristic of Heliotropium. 11. Dissected cell from October 2011, showing pollen mass and dead egg/larva on top.

FIGURES 27–30 in Nesting biology and immature stages of the panurgine bee genera Rhophitulus and Cephalurgus (Apoidea: Andrenidae: Protandrenini)

FIGURES 27–30. SEM micrographs of the predefecating larva of Cephalurgus anomalus. 27. Head, lateral view. 28. Entire larva, lateral view. 29. Close-up of posterior end of abdomen. 30. Close-up of spiracle of abdominal segment 8, identified by rectangle in figure 29.

FIGURES 15–20. 15, 16 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 15–20. 15, 16. SEM micrographs of pollen of Centaurea sp. from larval provisions of Lithurgus chrysurus and of Opuntia sp. from larval provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis, to same scale, respectively. 17. SEM micrograph of egg of L. chrysurus, showing micropyle. 18–20. Dorsal views of integument of abdominal segment 3 of various instars of Lithurgus chrysurus showing surface textures. 18. Third instar. 19. Entire anterior part of body of fourth instar showing projecting caudal annulets ringing thoracic and anterior abdominal segments. 20. Close-up of abdominal segment 3, identified by rectangle in figure 19.

FIGURE 7 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 7. Schematic diagram of a cell containing single individual of Lithurgus chrysurus showing arrangement of provisions and position of egg, cell front to left.

FIGURES 12–14 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Microphotographs of cast exoskeletons from the same fourth instar of Lithurgus chrysurus in figures 10, 11. 12. Third instar exoskeleton with chorion, and first and second instar exoskeletons removed showing position (arrows) of cluster of 10 spiracles on each side. 13. Close-up of spiracles on right side figure12. 14. Close-up of spiracles on the right of the first instar with exoskeletons of second and third instars removed.

FIGURES 8–11 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 8–11. Microphotographs of immatures of Lithurgus chrysurus. 8. Egg attached to scrap of disc. 9. Second instar attached to scrap of disc. 10. Fourth instar, with disc removed, showing accumulation of chorion and exoskeletons of previous instars at rear. 11. Close-up of rear.

FIGURES 21– 26 in Early nesting biology of the wood-nesting adventive bee, Lithurgus chrysurus Fonscolombe (Apoidea: Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 21– 26. Dorsal view of integument of postdefecating fifth instar of Lithurgus chrysurus, showing integument and vestiture. 21. Thorax of same. 22. Metathorax and first two abdominal segments, showing contrast in integument between thoracic segments and abdominal segments of same. 23. Close-up of integument of mesothorax, left side, as identified by rectangle in figure 21. 24. Left side of abdominal segment 3 of same. 25. Close-up of same, left rectangle of figure 24. 26. Same, right rectangle of figure 24.

FIGURES 42–45 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 42–45. SEM micrographs of inner surface of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 42. Longitudinal section of cocoon, front removed, showing long shiny inner surface of wall and modified apical tip showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers. 43. Close-up of surface of multiple layers identified by rectangle in figure 42. 44. Posterior end of another cocoon, inner view, showing cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers, somewhat off center. 45. Close-up of cushion of multiple layers of silk fibers identified by rectangle in figure 44.

FIGURE 1 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURE 1. Road leading from Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona, where nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis were first discovered in the decapitated stalks of Agave palmeri. FIGURES 2–6. Study area 8 mi north of Portal, Cochise Co., Arizona. 2. Landscape; note presence of Agave palmeri and Opuntia. 3. Female Lithurgopsis apicalis in flower of food plant Opuntia. 4. Base of Agave plant with rosette of basal leaves, which once dry fortifies bee nests from predations by vertebrates. 5. H.G.H. removing leaves from another Agave. 6. Crack (arrow) in Agave stalk that allows females of Lithurgopsis apicalis access for nesting.

FIGURES 39–41 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 39–41. Microphotographs of cocoons of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 39. Sample of cocoons most of which had been opened to remove larvae, showing variation in color, texture, and external shape. 40. Longitudinal section of front of one side of front end of cocoon, showing outer layer of dark silk between which thin line of white fine-grained layer of discharge is sandwiched by inner thick layer of dark silk. 41. Longitudinal section of posterior end of cocoon showing multiple layers of silk fibers.

FIGURES 19–23 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 19–23. Microphotographs of nest components of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 19. Assorted discs showing variation primarily in views of posterior surfaces from numerous cells. 20. Young larva, probably first instar, facing posterior surface of disc, but not yet feeding. 21. Two preserved eggs, side view. 22. Newly emerged fifth instar compared with fully grown fifth instar. 23. Plastic rearing dish containing five live larvae, which permitted us to observe feeding and cocoon-spinning activities throughout the study period.

FIGURES 12–14 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 12–14. Single cell provisions of Lithurgopsis apicalis from various nests. FIGURE 15.Two cells in linear series. FIGURES 16–18. Eggs of Lithurgopsis apicalis attached to disc, and same egg with attachment to disc now broken, and another egg and disc, respectively.

FIGURES 7, 8 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 7, 8. Nests of Lithurgopsis apicalis. 7. Cross section of Agave stalk where multiple nests were first found, showing pollen-filled cells (arrows), open tunnels, and tunnels filled with wood chips (gray). 8. Closeup of burrow wall through fine-grained plant tissue showing characteristic transverse patterning created by the female's mandibles during excavation.

FIGURES 9–11 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 9–11. Diagrams of nest found near Dos Cabezas, Cochise County, Arizona. 9. Entire nest, side view containing two burrows, with close-up of section containing three cells, one of which had not been closed. 10. Single cell containing two eggs, each associated with small open space ("egg chamber") and with disc of firmer provisions. 11. Close-up of disc and egg.

FIGURES 46, 47 in Nest Site Selection and Nesting Behavior of the Bee Lithurgopsis apicalis (Megachilidae: Lithurginae)

FIGURES 46, 47. SEM macrographs of thin film of cocoon fabric spun on June 44, 2013, as identified in photomicrograph, figure 36, 46. showing small apertures that presumably would have been closed with more applications of silk, and 47. edge of same, showing texture of silk that is extruded, respectively. These macrographs plus observations made at the time strongly suggest that the inner surface of cocoons is composed solely of silk; see text for further explanation.