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Fig. 1 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 1. Representative workers of each Leptomyrmex clade. A, E, L. relictus sp.n.; B, F, macro- clade, L. cnemidatus (CASENT0012219); C, G, microclade, L. aitchisoni (CASENT0012033); D, †L. neotropicus (PSWC). A–D, Profile view; E–G, full-face (dorsal) view. Scale bars: A–D = 1.0 mm, E–G = 0.25 mm. (B and F imaged by A. Lucky, C and G by Estella Ortega; these images from AntWeb.org.)

Fig. 2 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 2. Distribution maps of extant Leptomyrmex. A, South America, part; B Australasia, part. Georeferenced specimen records: red dots, L. relictus sp.n. holotype; black dots, L. relictus sp.n. nontype collections; violet dots, macro-Leptomyrmex clade; pink dots, micro-Leptomyrmex clade. Australasian records from the AntWeb (2015) and CSIRO (2015) databases, and Lucky & Ward (2010). Basemaps ('Natural Earth 1') from Natural Earth (2015). [Colour figure available on the online version on Wiley Online Library.]

Fig. 4 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 4. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogeny of the Dolichoderinae, based on partitioned analysis of a 59-taxon 10-gene data matrix (−lnL = −53297.7). Tribes indicated by branch colour: orange, Tapinomini; blue, Bothriomyrmecini; green, Dolichoderini; purple, Leptomyrmecini. Support values (ML bootstrap percentages) indicated at nodes with coloured dots: red = 100, orange = 90–99, blue = 70–89, purple = 50–69, no dot = <50. [Colour figure available on the online version on Wiley Online Library.]

Fig. 3 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 3. Leptomyrmex relictus sp.n. male; head and body A, B, genitalia C–K. A, body, profile view; B, head, full-face (dorsal) view; C, genital capsule, dorsal view; D, genital capsule, ventral view; E, genital capsule, lateral view; F, right half of genital capsule, mesal (medial) view; G, right paramere and attached volsella, mesal view; H, left penisvalva with fragment of basimere attached to sclerotized penisvalvar membrane, ectal (lateral) view; I, abdominal sternum IX (note: broken along sagittal plane), mesal (dorsal) view; J, genital capsule, viewed anterior to posterior; K, left half of genital capsule, viewed posterior to anterior. Scale bars: A, B = 0.5 mm, C–K = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in Out of the Neotropics: newly discovered relictual species sheds light on the biogeographical history of spider ants (Leptomyrmex, Dolichoderinae, Formicidae)

Fig. 5. Results of BEAST and LAGRANGE analyses, and comparative morphology of dolichoderine wing venation. A, Chronogram of the Dolichoderinae, Leptomyrmex relictus sp.n. bolded; B, L. burwelli: complete (unreduced) wing venation; C, Chronoxenus javanus: loss of crossvein 2rs-m with retention of other veins; D, Dorymyrmex insanus (male): loss of Rsf2-3 in addition to loss of other abscissae; E, L. relictus sp.n.: loss of Mf2-3; F, L. fragilis: loss of Mf2-3, 2r-rs (note: pterostigmal appendage not illustrated); G, †L. neotropicus: loss of Rs + M, Mf2-3, 2rs-m, Mf4+, 2r-rs; H, †Leptomyrmula maravignae: loss of Mf2+, 2rs-m, 2r-rs; I, †Usomyrma mirabilis: loss of Rs + M with retention of 1m-cu and loss of Mf2-3. In part A blue bars are 95% confidence intervals; coloured circles near nodes are inferred inherited ranges, with the top half corresponding to the upper branch and bottom half with the lower branch; coloured circles next to terminals represent biogeographical coding; asterisks indicate calibrated nodes; bracketed letters to the right of terminal names indicate wing venation reduction pattern occurrence, with letters corresponding to the wing patterns B–F. Note that 1m-cu presence is variable for most taxa displaying loss pattern E, and some Linepithema species have lost Mf2-3. Figures H and I redrawn from Emery (1891) and Dlussky et al. (2014), respectively. Palaeo., Palaeocene; Oligo., Oligocene; Pl., Pliocene; Q, Quaternary.

Fig. 3 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 3. Maximum likelihood tkee based on COI sequences of analyzed specimens of Meloe %Eurymeloe). Only suppokted values of nodes %UFBootstkap, UFB ≥ 95 and SH-aLRT ≥ 80%) ake kepokted %SH-LRT/UFB).;ashes %–) indicate non-suppokted values. Coloked vektical baks on the kight shown species delimitation analysis kesults %ASAP, ad hoc, and mPTP) %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 8 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 8. Thkee diffekent pattekns of biogeogkaphic discunction and theik kelative moleculak dating %with the 95%HP; in squake bkackets) obsekved in %A) M. orobates and M. digiuliorum; %B) M. apenninicus and M. rugosus ′ M. cfk. rugosus; and %C) M. b. baudii and M. b. glazunovi %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 6 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 6. Male habitus, doksal view, of %A) M. b. baudii, %B) M. b. glazunovi, and %C) M. scabriusculus. Scale bak 1 mm %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 2 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 2. Multilocus %16S, COI, CA;, and 28S) phylogenetic tkee of Meloe %Eurymeloe). Topology cokkesponds to the maximum likelihood %ML) tkee. Clades ake indicated with letteks %a–t). Only suppokted values of nodes %UFBootstkap, UFB ≥ 95 ands SH-aLRT ≥ 80%; postekiok pkobability, PP ≥ 0.95) ake kepokted %SH-LRT/ UFB/PP).;ashes %–) indicate non-suppokted values. Clades of species that weke not the main focus of the study ake collapsed. Fok a non-collapsed veksion of the tkee, see Supplementaky Fig. S4 %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 7 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 7.;oksal and latekal views of male genitalia: %A–C) M. b. baudii, %;–F) M. b. glazunovi, and %G–I) M. scabriusculus. Scale bak 0.5 mm %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 5 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 5.;oksal and latekal views of male genitalia: %A–C) M. orobates %fkom: Sánchez-Vialas et al. 2022), %;–F) M. digiuliorum sp. n., %G–I) M. apenninicus, %J–L) M. rugosus. Scale bak 0.5 mm %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 1 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 1. Italian endemic taxa of Meloe (Eurymeloe) %uppek kow) and theik type localities %lowek kow): %A) M. digiuliorium sp. nov.; %B) M. apenninicus; %C) M. b. baudii; %;) Abkuzzo, L'Aquila pkov., Ovindoli, Fkeddo Mt. westekn slope; %E) Sicily, Messina pkov., Cesakò, nk. Poktella di femmina mokta; %F) Abkuzzo, L'Aquila pkov., Cekchio, basal westekn slope of the Sikente Mt. Photo's ckedits: A, L. Spagoni; B–E, A. Ricceki; F, M.A. Bologna %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

Fig. 4 in Endemic and cryptic: different biogeographic histories of three Italian blister beetles of the genus Meloe (Coleoptera: Meloidae: Meloinae: Meloini)

Fig. 4. Male habitus, doksal view, of %A) M. orobates %fkom: Sánchez-Vialas et al. 2022), %B) M. digiuliorum sp. n., %C) M. apenninicus, %;) M. rugosus. Scale bak 1 mm %https://inkscape.okg/it/).

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

Combining molecular data sets with strongly heterogeneous taxon coverage enlightens the peculiar biogeographic history of stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera)

Extant members of the ancient insect order of stoneflies exhibit a disjunct, antitropical distribution, with one major lineage exclusively occurring in the Southern Hemisphere and the other, with few exceptions, on the Northern continents. Here, we address the biogeographic distribution and phylogenetic relationships of stoneflies using a phylogenetic workflow that combines both transcriptomic and Sanger sequence datasets with heterogeneous taxon coverage. We used a dataset comprising 2997 genes derived from the transcriptomes of 30 species and Sanger sequences of seven genes for 498 species. The backbone phylogeny was mainly inferred from the transcriptomic data, whereas the Sanger nucleotide sequence data provided high species density for divergence time estimation and diversification analyses. Our results show that the biogeographic pattern we observe today is primarily more likely shaped by long-distance over-land dispersal than by vicariance. We inferred that the ancestors of extant stoneflies originated in the Northern Hemisphere approximately 265 Ma and were presumably restricted to this area due to climatic and geographic boundaries. Our analyses suggest that with the break-up of Pangaea around 200 Ma and the associated climatic and geographical changes, two groups of stoneflies, the Anarctoperlaria and the Notonemouridae, dispersed to Gondwana and subsequently went extinct on the northern continents. Both groups likely dispersed across Gondwana before its break-up into the modern continents. At least one member of another group of 'northern' stoneflies, the Acroneuriinae, seems to have migrated from North America to South America around 67 Ma. We found four major net diversification rate shifts, indicating rapid radiation patterns that hampered a robust phylogenetic placement of these stonefly groups. Our study provides the first conclusive evolutionary explanation for the unique distribution pattern of stoneflies.

opencc-by-4.0Apr 2022View details →

Supporting information for Plant migration under long-lasting hyperaridity – phylogenomics unravels recent biogeographic history in one of the oldest deserts on Earth

R Scripts, input and parameter files as well as analysis results are provided for the publication: Böhnert et la. (2022) Plant migration under long-lasting hyperaridity – phylogenomics unravels recent biogeographic history in one of the oldest deserts on Earth. New Phyotologist.

opencc-zeroMar 2022View details →

Unveiling the evolutionary history of a puzzling antlion genus Gatzara Navás (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae: Dendroleontinae) based on systematic revision, molecular phylogenetics, and biogeographic inference

The antlion genus Gatzara Navás, 1915 is one of the major lineages of the subfamily Dendroleontinae Banks, 1899 (Neuroptera: Myrmeleontidae) from Asia, but having chaotic background of systematics. Here we present a comprehensive systematic revision and mitochondrial phylogenomic analysis to clarify the identity and to unravel the evolutionary history of this genus. Combining morphological and molecular evidence, we separate the species of Gatzara into two clades, and most of these species are transferred to the genus Nepsalus Navás, 1912 herein restored. The dated phylogeny with ancestral area reconstruction indicates that the common ancestor of Gatzara and Nepsalus might have been widely distributed in East Asia and these two genera might have diverged during the late Miocene. The speciation of most Nepsalus species that are allopatric in distribution might have been driven by a series of vicarience events related to the rise of the Himalayas and the formation of the major islands of East Asia during the late Miocene and Pliocene. A new species, namely N. chikuni sp. n., is described from Tibet. New taxonomic changes include the six new combinations: N. caelestis (Krivokhatsky, 1997) comb. n., N. decorillus (Yang, 1997) comb. n., N. decorosus (Yang, 1988) comb. n., N. indicus (Navás, 1914) comb. n., N. insolitus (Walker, 1860) comb. n., N. jezoensis (Okamoto, 1910) comb. n., and N. petrophilus (Miller & Stange, 1999) comb. n.

opencc-zeroMay 2022View details →

Data for: Biogeographic history predicts bee community structure across floral resource gradients in southeast Australia

Aim: Plants populations are declining in their native ranges around the globe through the expansion of agriculture, urbanization, and plant invasions. We test the hypothesis that animal species that have spent more of their evolutionary history in a region are more dependent on native plants, particularly those plants that have spent more of their evolutionary history in the region, and are therefore more negatively impacted by native plant decline. Location: Yarra Valley landscapes, Australia Methods: We test the presence and pattern of phylogenetic signal in native bee community responses to local flower density of ancient Australian plant lineages and the amount of native vegetation in the surrounding landscape across farm and native vegetation sites. We also test phylogenetic signal in the frequency of bee visitation to flowers from ancient Australian plant lineages. We compare the patterns of phylogenetic signal to the current understanding of bee biogeographic histories to evaluate our hypothesis. Results: There was significant phylogenetic signal in responses to flower density of plants from ancient Australian lineages, and the frequency of visitation to these flowers, with most species from the ancient Australian bee clade being positively associated with these flowers. This is consistent with our hypothesis. Significant phylogenetic signal in response to native vegetation in the surrounding landscape was driven primarily by the more recently arrived bee linages, with ancient lineages able to persist on some farms where ancient Australian flowers were present (e.g. on roadsides). Main conclusions: Bee species that have spent more of their evolutionary history in Australia are more dependent on ancient Australian plant lineages and so most negatively impacted by the decline of these plants. This may be a broader phenomenon because phylogenetic conservatism in host plant use, the main assumption underlying our hypothesis, is common among herbivorous arthropods (~500,000 species).

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Genomic data reveal the biogeographic and demographic history of Ammospiza sparrows in northeast tidal marshes

Aim: Shaped by both climate change and sea-level rise, tidal salt marshes represent ephemeral systems that are home to only a few, highly specialized species. The dynamic ecological histories and spatial complexities of these habitats, however, render it challenging to reconstruct the complete biogeographic histories of their endemic taxa. Here, we leverage three species of North American Ammospiza sparrows that inhabit tidal marshes ( Ammospiza caudacuta, A. maritima, and A. n. subvirgatus) and closely related freshwater species to demonstrate the utility of whole-genome data in resolving demographic and evolutionary history as it relates to divergence and dispersal events in ephemeral ecosystems. We employ a combination of demographic and biogeographic reconstructions to shed new light on the colonization history of freshwater-saline environments in this system. Location: North America Taxon: Ammospiza Sparrows Methods: We sequenced whole genomes from Ammospiza sparrows to address our objectives. We conducted phylogenomic analyses and reconstructed the demographic and biogeographic history of this clade based on 21 million SNPs from 54 total individuals. Results: Phylogenies based on several million SNPs supported several well-resolved clades that predominantly corresponded to their prior species designations. Phylogenetic and biogeographic reconstructions suggest a series of saltwater to freshwater colonization events within this group, with some endemic taxa exhibiting associations with tidal marsh habitat over longer evolutionary time scales and some habitat transitions occurring as recently as 5,000 years ago. Main Conclusions: Our reconstructions support a biogeographic hypothesis with fewer vicariance and dispersal events among Ammospiza sparrows that is in contrast with the currently supported evolutionary scenario. Biogeographic reconstructions further suggest saltwater to freshwater transitions in A. n. subvirgatus as opposed to the long hypothesized freshwater origin. Our results highlight the fact that reconstructing biogeographic and evolutionary dynamics in ephemeral systems poses challenges given the propensity for high turnover. This reinforces the importance of a multifaceted approach to biogeographic reconstructions in historically dynamic ecosystems.

opennotspecifiedOct 2017View details →

FIGURE 2. A in Bird distributional patterns support biogeographical histories and are associated with bioclimatic units in the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

FIGURE 2. A) Most parsimonious area cladogram from the distribution analysis of 331 genera and 823 species of forestdependent birds from 45 localities in the Atlantic Forest and the Amazon. Values of the nodes represent the frequencies of bootstrap replicates (10,000 replicates). B) Representation of cladogram groups on the map; the localities enclosed in gray polygons correspond to group 1, and those enclosed by black polygons correspond to group 2.