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Fig. 12 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 12. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of the Tribodus braincase (surface renderings). No scale.

Fig. 10 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 10. Dorsal view of the Tribodus limae braincase, AMNH FF 13958, anterior at top (surface rendering). No scale.

Fig. 8 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 8. Transverse CT scan slices through the Tribodus limae braincase. Otic region. A, slice 257, at the level of the hypophysis and facial nerve; B, slice 270, showing the pituitary vein canal and the anterior ramus of the octaval nerve; C, slice 285, showing the hypophyseal duct and internal carotids; D, slice 290, showing the posterior ramus of the octaval nerve and the exit of the orbital arteries from the braincase; E, slice 298, at the level of the hypophyseal foramen; F, slice 303, showing the exit of the efferent hyoidean arteries from the braincase; G, slice 307, showing the canals for the lateral dorsal aortae converging to form a single chamber medial to the efferent hyoidean foramina; H, slice 313, showing the lateral dorsal aortae diverging posteriorly. No scale.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 3. Braincase of Tribodus limae, AMNH FF 13958. A, ventral view; B, dorsal view; C, lateral view. Scale bar is 2 cm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 6. Transverse CT scan slices of the Tribodus limae braincase, AMNH 13958. Ethmoidal region. A, slice 57, through the olfactory chamber and precerebral fontanelle; B, slice 72, through the precerebral fontanelle showing the ventral exit of the orbitonasal canal; C, slice 83, through the precerebral fontanelle showing the orbitonasal canal traveling through the cartilage; D, E, F, slices 87, 89, and 94, respectively, through the precerebral fontanelle showing the course of the profundus nerve and orbitonasal canal; G, slice 100, at the level of the anterior cerebral canal; H, slice 159, through the anterior of the orbit at the level of the trochlear nerve and median ventral basicranial process. No scale.

Fig. 9 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 9. Transverse CT scan slices through the Tribodus limae braincase. Occipital region. A, slice 334, at the level of the preampullary canals and perilymphatic foramina; B, slice 369, at the level of the posterior ampullae and glossopharyngeal canal; C, slice 395, at the level of the vagus nerve; D, slice 400, at the level where the vagus canal exits into the glossopharyngeal foramen; E, slice 418, showing canals for the occipital arteries and spino-occipital nerves; F, slice 423, at the level of the occipital cotylus. No scale.

Fig. 1 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic relationship of hybodonts (represented here by Tribodus and Egertonodus) to other representative fossil and extant chondrichthyans. Based on Maisey (1989); Coates and Sequeira (2001); Ginter (2005); Gaudin (1991); and Young (1982).

Fig. 2 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Cretaceous Hybodont Shark Tribodus limae (Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 2. Reproduction of original illustrations of the Tribodus limae braincase, modified from Brito (1992), in A, dorsal; B, ventral, and C, lateral views. Abbreviations (translated from the original French): ald, foramina for lateral dorsal aortae; a.orb, orbital artery; cap.ot, otic capsule; c.j, jugular canal; c.occ, occipital cotylus; csca, anterior semicircular canal; csce, external semicircular canal; cscp, posterior semicircular canal; f.end, endolymphatic (parietal) fossa; f.m, foramen magnum; f.p, precerebral fontanelle; p.art, articular process for palatoquadrate; p.ot.lat, lateral otic process; ppo, postorbital process; q.int, internasal keel; V.opht, superficial ophthalmic ramus of nerve V; V + VII, foramen for main branch of trigeminal and facial nerves; VII hym, foramen for hyomandibular branch of facial nerve; IX + X, glossopharyngeal-vagus foramen. Not to scale.

Fig. 13 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 13. Composite digital images of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase (external virtual image with left side removed) and virtual endocast in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views. Anterior to top. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 12 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 12. Notorynchus cepedianus braincase digitally resliced in horizontal plane (corresponding to y–z axes of original CT scans). Sequence

Fig. 7 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 7. Virtual endocast of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase rendered as negative morphospace from CT scans. Dorsal view (A); ventral view (B); lateral view, left side, with skeletal labyrinth in place (C); lateral view, right side, with skeletal labyrinth removed (D). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 6 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 6. Anterior (A) and posterior (B) views of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual images rendered from CT scans. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 8. Principal endocranial features in Squalus acanthias superimposed on outlines of the braincase. Dorsal view (A); ventral view (B); right lateral view (C). After Schaeffer (1981). No scale.

Fig. 10 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 10. Notorynchus cepedianus neurocranium digitally resliced in transverse plane (corresponding to x–y axes of original CT scans). Sequence (A–U) passes from front to back of braincase. View A corresponds to figure 4A. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 4 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 4. Ventral view of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual image rendered from CT scans. Anterior to top of page. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 5 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 5. Lateral views of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual images rendered from CT scans. Right side (A); left side (B). Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 1 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 1. Notorynchus cepedianus braincase photographed in dorsal (A), ventral (B), and left lateral (C) views. This illustration is included for comparison with digital images from CT scans in the remaining illustrations. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 2 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 2. Notorynchus braincase and jaws in lateral view, showing their articular relationships (after Daniel). No scale.

Fig. 3 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 3. Dorsal view of Notorynchus cepedianus braincase; external virtual image rendered from CT scans. Anterior to top of page. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in Morphology of the Braincase in the Broadnose Sevengill Shark Notorynchus (Elasmobranchii, Hexanchiformes), Based on CT Scanning

Fig. 9. Virtual endocast of the left labyrinth region in Notorynchus. (A) lateral view; (B) medial view; (C) dorsal view; (D) ventral view; (E) posterior view; (F) anterior view. Imaris/Surpass surface rendering.