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101 results for “Cane Toad”
Rates of dispersal of cane toads during their global invasion
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Larval and metamorph traits of cane toads
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Sugar crop yield vs cane toads
<p>In 1935, cane toads (<i>Rhinella marina</i>) were brought to Australia to control insect pests. The devastating ecological impacts of that introduction have attracted extensive research, but the toads' impact on their original targets has never been evaluated. Our analyses confirm that sugar production did not increase significantly after the anurans were released, possibly because toads reduced rates of predation on beetle pests by consuming some of the native predators of those beetles (ants), fatally poisoning others (varanid lizards) and increasing abundances of crop-eating rodents (that can consume toads without ill-effect). In short, any direct benefit of toads on agricultural production (via consumption of insect pests) likely was outweighed by negative effects that were mediated via the toads' impacts on other taxa. Like the toad's impacts on native wildlife, indirect ecological effects of the invader may have outweighed direct effects of toads on crop production.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Smart AS, Tingley R, Phillips BL (2020) Estimating the benefit of quarantine: eradicating invasive cane toads from islands. NeoBiota 60: 117-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.34941
File S1
Supplementary material 5 from: Smart AS, Tingley R, Phillips BL (2020) Estimating the benefit of quarantine: eradicating invasive cane toads from islands. NeoBiota 60: 117-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.34941
Figure S4. Posterior distributions of cane toad population size (N0) before removal effort
Supplementary material 3 from: Smart AS, Tingley R, Phillips BL (2020) Estimating the benefit of quarantine: eradicating invasive cane toads from islands. NeoBiota 60: 117-136. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.60.34941
Figure S2. Costs of eradication calculated per km of shoreline and per square kilometre of landmass
Skin resistance to water gain and loss has changed in cane toads (Rhinella marina) during their Australian invasion
The water-permeable skin of amphibians renders them highly sensitive to climatic conditions, and interspecific correlations between environmental moisture levels and rates of water exchange across the skin suggest that natural selection adapts hydroregulatory mechanisms to local challenges. How quickly can such mechanisms shift when a species encounters novel moisture regimes? Cutaneous resistance to water loss and gain in wild-caught cane toads (Rhinella marina) from Brazil, USA (Hawai'i) and Australia exhibited strong geographic variation. Cutaneous resistance was low in native-range (Brazilian) toads and in Hawai'ian populations (where toads were introduced in 1932) but significantly higher in toads from eastern Australia (where toads were introduced in 1935). Toads from recently-invaded areas in western Australia exhibited cutaneous resistance to water loss similar to the native-range populations, possibly because toads are restricted to moist sites within this highly arid landscape. Rates of rehydration exhibited significant but less extreme geographic variation, being higher in the native-range than in invaded regions. Thus, in less than a century, cane toads invading areas that impose different climatic challenges have diverged in the capacity for hydroregulation.
Data from: Vision fine-tunes preparation for landing in the cane toad, Rhinella marina
In toad hopping, the hindlimbs generate the propulsive force for takeoff while the forelimbs resist the impact forces associated with landing. Preparing to perform a safe landing, in which impact forces are managed appropriately, likely involves the integration of multiple types of sensory feedback. In toads, vestibular and/or proprioceptive feedback are critical for coordinated landing, however, the role of vision remains unclear. To clarify this role, this study compares pre-landing forelimb muscle activation patterns in animals before and after removing vision. Specifically, we recorded EMG activity from two antagonistic forelimb muscles, the anconeus and coracoradialis, which demonstrate distance-dependent onset timing and recruitment intensity, respectively. Toads were first recorded hopping normally and then again after their optic nerves were severed to remove visual feedback. When blind, toads exhibited basic hop kinematics and pre-landing muscle activity similar to when sighted. However, distance-dependent relationships for muscle activity patterns were more variable, if present at all. This study demonstrates that blind toads are still able to perform coordinated landings, reinforcing the importance of proprioceptive and/or vestibular feedback during hopping. But the increased variability in distance-dependent activity patterns indicates that vision is more responsible for fine-tuning the motor control strategy for landing.
Data from: Chemical suppression of embryonic cane toads Rhinella marina by larval conspecifics
1. Mechanisms that evolved to suppress the development of potential competitors may offer novel methods for species-specific control of invasive organisms. The tadpoles of cane toads Rhinella marina compete for limited food resources in small ponds, and older tadpoles eliminate competitors not only by eating newly-laid eggs, but also by releasing a chemical that suppresses development of conspecific eggs. 2. We conducted laboratory trials to assess the magnitude and generality of this suppression effect, and to identify the developmental stages capable of producing the suppressor cue and those that are vulnerable to its presence. 3. In all clutches that we tested, the suppressor cue reduced larval growth, development and survival (>95% mortality vs. <50% in controls). The suppressor exerts a general effect on larval development, rather than causing malformations of specific organ systems. 4. Free-swimming tadpoles of all developmental stages produce the cue (but are not affected by it), whereas embryos do not produce the cue, but are vulnerable to it. Tadpoles produce the cue consistently rather than facultatively (e.g. in response to detecting eggs). 5. A preliminary trial shows that the cue is effective in natural spawning ponds as well as in the laboratory. 6. Synthesis and applications. Our data have strong implications for current methods of toad control (culling tadpoles will remove suppression effects on the next generation, so it may be better to maintain live toad tadpoles in secure containers rather than removing them from the pond). Longer-term, understanding the chemical basis of this powerful mechanism for intraspecific competition may facilitate invader control.
Data from: Survival of the feces: does a nematode lungworm adaptively manipulate the behavior of its cane toad host?
Parasites can enhance their fitness by modifying the behavior of their hosts in ways that increase rates of production and transmission of parasite larvae. We used an antihelminthic drug to experimentally alter infections of lungworms (Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala) in cane toads (Rhinella marina). We then compared subsequent behaviors of dewormed toads versus toads that retained infections. Both in the laboratory and in the field, the presence of parasites induced hosts to select higher body temperatures (thereby increasing rates of lungworm egg production), to defecate in moister sites, and to produce feces with higher moisture content (thereby enhancing survival of larvae shed in feces). Because those behavioral modifications enhance rather than decrease parasite fitness, they are likely to have arisen as adaptive manipulations of host behavior rather than as host adaptations to combat infection or as nonadaptive consequences of infection on host physiology. However, the mechanisms by which lungworms alter cane toad thermal preference and defecation are not known. Although many examples of host manipulation by parasites involve intermediate hosts facilitating their own demise, our findings indicate that manipulation of definitive hosts can be as subtle as when and where to defecate.
Data from: Biotic resistance to an alien amphibian: larval competition between Japanese frogs and invasive cane toads
Understanding negative effects of native species on introduced taxa may suggest novel ways to control the invasive species by enhancing such effects. Previous studies have reported that the larvae of invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) are suppressed by competition with the larvae of native anurans in Australia, but not in North America. We conducted laboratory trials to measure the effect of exposure to the larvae of Japanese frogs (Microhyla ornata, Fejervarya sakishimensis, Rhacophorus owstoni) on rates of survival, growth and development of cane toad tadpoles in Ishigaki Island, in southern Japan. Survival rates were not affected by native species, but competition with Dicroglossids and Rhacophorids (but not Microhylids) strongly reduced rates of growth and development in the tadpoles of cane toads. Dicroglossid tadpoles also reduced the body condition to toad tadpoles in addition to effects on SVL and mass. Encouraging populations of native frogs in toad-invaded areas of Japan thus may help to reduce the numbers of invasive cane toads.
Data from: Survival of the feces: does a nematode lungworm adaptively manipulate the behavior of its cane toad host?
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Data from: Constructing an invasion machine: the rapid evolution of a dispersal-enhancing phenotype during the cane toad invasion of Australia
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Data from: Mixed population genomics support for the central marginal hypothesis across the invasive range of the cane toad (Rhinella marina) in Australia
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Data from: Chemical suppression of embryonic cane toads Rhinella marina by larval conspecifics
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Data from: The loneliness of the long-distance toad: invasion history and social attraction in cane toads (Rhinella marina)
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Data from: Vision fine-tunes preparation for landing in the cane toad, Rhinella marina
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Data from: Biotic resistance to an alien amphibian: larval competition between Japanese frogs and invasive cane toads
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Skin resistance to water gain and loss has changed in cane toads (Rhinella marina) during their Australian invasion
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Sugar crop yield vs cane toads
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