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333 results for “Convergent evolution”
Data from: Convergent mosaic brain evolution is associated with the evolution of novel electrosensory systems in teleost fishes
<p><span><span><span><span>Brain region size generally scales allometrically with total brain size, but mosaic shifts in brain region size independent of brain size have been found in several lineages and may be related to the evolution of behavioral novelty. African weakly electric fishes (Mormyroidea) evolved a mosaically enlarged cerebellum and hindbrain, yet the relationship to their behaviorally novel electrosensory system remains unclear. We addressed this by studying South American weakly electric fishes (Gymnotiformes) and weakly electric catfishes (<em>Synodontis</em> spp.), which evolved varying aspects of electrosensory systems, independent of mormyroids. If the mormyroid mosaic increases are related to evolving an electrosensory system, we should find similar mosaic shifts in gymnotiforms and <em>Synodontis</em>. Using micro-computed tomography scans, we quantified brain region scaling for multiple electrogenic, electroreceptive, and non-electrosensing species. We found mosaic increases in cerebellum in all three electrogenic lineages relative to non-electric lineages and mosaic increases in torus semicircularis and hindbrain associated with the evolution of electrogenesis and electroreceptor type. These results show that evolving novel electrosensory systems is repeatedly and independently associated with changes in the sizes of individual brain regions independent of brain size, which suggests that selection can impact structural brain composition to favor specific regions involved in novel behaviors.</span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Evolutionary déjà vu? A case of convergent evolution in an ant-plant association
<p>Obligatory ant-plant symbioses often appear to be single evolutionary shifts within particular ant lineages; however, convergence can be revealed once natural history observations are complemented with molecular phylogenetics. Here we describe a remarkable example of convergent evolution in an ant-plant symbiotic system. Exclusively arboreal, <em>Myrmelachista</em> species can be generalized opportunists nesting in several plant species or obligately symbiotic, live-stem nesters of a narrow set of plant species. Instances of specialization within <em>Myrmelachista</em> are known from northern South America and throughout Middle America. In Middle America, a diverse radiation of specialists occupies understory treelets of lowland rainforests. The morphological and behavioural uniformity of specialists suggests that they form a monophyletic assemblage, diversifying after a single origin of specialization. Using ultraconserved element phylogenomics and ancestral state reconstruction, we show that shifts from opportunistic to obligately symbiotic evolved independently in South and Middle America. Furthermore, our analyses strongly support a remarkable case of convergence within the Middle American radiation, with two independently evolved specialist clades, arising nearly simultaneously from putative opportunistic ancestors during the late Pliocene. This repeated evolution of a complex phenotype suggests similar mechanisms behind trait shifts from opportunists to specialists, generating further questions about the selective forces driving specialization.</p>
Convergent evolution of NFP-facilitated root nodule symbiosis
<p># NFP</p> <p>Scripts and data associated with the manuscript "Convergent evolution of NFP-facilitated root nodule symbiosis."</p> <p>## 00_sequences<br>This directory contains NFP/LYR homologs and annotations.</p> <p>## 02_alignments<br>This directory contains NFP alignments</p> <p>## 03_trees<br>This directory contains gene trees and species tree guides for the analyses.</p> <p>## 04_reconciliation<br>This directory contains notung files and figures for the gene tree reconciliation analysis</p> <p>## 05_synteny<br>This directory contains files for the synteny analyses. The base directory contains circos plots and a subdirectory `Synteny.2.2020` containing scripts and summary output as well as the following:<br>### Results_Apr01.zip<br>Summary of synteny results<br>### csvs.zip<br>An archive containing all csvs in the analysis.<br>### fastas.zip<br>synteny analysis - chr 5 v 8.zip<br>### tsvs.zip<br>An archive containing all csvs in the analysis.<br>### blasts.zip<br>An archive containing blast results.<br>### coords.zip<br>An archive containing genome coordinate files.<br>### gffs.zip<br>An archive containing GFF annotations.<br>### gff3s.zip<br>An archive containing GFF annotations.<br>### imgs.zip<br>An archive containing figure files used for preparing the manuscript.<br> <br>## figs<br>This directory contains figure files used for preparing the manuscript.</p> <p>## Scripts_used_CF<br>This directory contains submission and shell scripts used to conduct the analyses.</p>
Data from: Complex dynamics underlie the evolution of imperfect wing pattern convergence in butterflies
Adaptive radiation is characterized by rapid diversification that is strongly associated with ecological specialization. However, understanding the evolutionary mechanisms fueling adaptive diversification requires a detailed knowledge of how natural selection acts at multiple life-history stages. Butterflies within the genus Adelpha represent one of the largest and most diverse butterfly lineages in the Neotropics. Although Adelpha species feed on an extraordinary diversity of larval hosts, convergent evolution is widespread in this group suggesting that selection for mimicry may contribute to adaptive divergence among species. To investigate this hypothesis, we conducted predation studies in Costa Rica using artificial butterfly facsimiles. Specifically, we predicted that non-toxic, palatable Adelpha species that do not feed on host plants in the family Rubiaceae would benefit from sharing a locally convergent wing pattern with the presumably toxic Rubiaceae-feeding species via reduced predation. Contrary to expectations, we found that the presumed mimic was attacked significantly more than its locally convergent model, at a frequency paralleling attack rates on both novel and palatable prey. Although these data reveal the first evidence for protection from avian predators by the supposed toxic, Rubiaceae-feeding Adelpha species, we conclude that imprecise mimetic patterns have high costs for Batesian mimics in the tropics.
Data from: Evidence for convergent evolution of ultrasonic hearing in toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti)
Toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) are the most diverse group of modern cetaceans, originating during the Eocene/Oligocene transition ~38 million years ago. All extant odontocetes echolocate; a single origin for this behavior is supported by a unique facial source for ultrasonic vocalizations and a cochlea adapted for hearing the corresponding echoes. The craniofacial and inner ear morphology of Oligocene odontocetes support a rapid (Simocetus and Olympicetus suggest an ability to generate ultrasonic sound, until now, the bony labyrinths of taxa of this grade have not been investigated. Here, we use µCT to examine a petrosal of a taxon with clear similarities to Olympicetus avitus. Measurements of the bony labyrinth, when added to an extensive dataset of cetartiodactyls, resulted in this specimen sharing a morphospace with stem whales, suggesting a transitional inner ear. This discovery implies that either the lineage leading to this Olympicetus–like taxon lost the ability to hear ultrasonic sound, or adaptations for ultrasonic hearing evolved twice, once in xenorophids and again on the stem of the odontocete crown group. We favor the latter interpretation as it matches a well-documented convergence of craniofacial morphology between xenorophids and extant odontocetes.
Data from: Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic colorations in butterflies
<p>Supplementary Files for Ren, Day <em>et al.</em> 2020 : <em><b>Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic coloration in butterflies</b></em></p>
Convergent evolution of elaborate nests as structural defences in birds
The pendent nests of some weaverbird and icterid species are among the most complex structures built by any animal, but why they have evolved remains to be explained. The precarious attachments and extended entrance tunnels characteristic of these nests are widely speculated to act as structural defences against invasion by nest predators, particularly tree-climbing snakes, but this hypothesis has yet to be systematically tested. We use phylogenetic comparative methods to investigate the relationship between nest structure and developmental period length, a proxy for offspring mortality, in weaverbirds (Ploceidae) and icterids (Icteridae), two bird families in which highly elaborate pendent nests have independently evolved. We find that more elaborate nests, particularly those with entrance tunnels, are associated with longer developmental periods in both families. This finding is robust to potentially confounding effects of body mass, phylogenetic relationships, nest location and latitude. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that elaborate nest structures in birds can function as structural defences, resulting in lower offspring mortality and slower development. More generally, our findings suggest that constructing complex, protective structures may buffer against environmental hazards, reducing extrinsic mortality and contributing to the evolution of slower life histories in diverse animal lineages, even humans.
Data for: Convergence and contingency in the evolution of a specialized mode of life: Multiple origins and high disparity of rock-boring bivalves
<p>Evolutionary adaptation to novel, specialized modes of life is often associated with close mapping of form to function, resulting in narrow morphological disparity. For Bivalvia, endolithy (rock-boring) has biomechanical requirements thought to diverge strongly from those of the ancestral shallow-burrowing habit in soft sediments. However, 3D morphometric data from 73 species among ~94% of extant endolithic genera and families, along with 384 non-endolithic species in those families, show that endolithy has originated at least eight times. Endolithy is evolutionarily accessible from multiple morphological starting points, evidenced by the morphologies of the oldest fossil members of families. Although some endoliths appear to converge on a limited set of shell morphologies, the total range of endolith shell morphologies among the broadest for bivalve life habits, and lacks any unifying morphological trait. Nevertheless, endolithy is a taxon-poor habit today. This limited richness evidently does not derive from damped origination or heightened extinction rates on lineages containing endoliths, and today's endoliths are not confined to low diversity biogeographic regions. Instead, endolithy may be limited by habitat availability. Both determinism (convergence among distantly related taxa) and contingency (endoliths remain close to the disparate morphologies of their source clades) underlie the occupation of endolith morphospace.</p>
Trans-specific polymorphism and the convergent evolution of supertypes in MHC class II genes in Darters (Etheostoma)
<p>Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes are one of the most polymorphic gene groups known in vertebrates. MHC genes also exhibit allelic variants that are shared among taxa, referred to as trans-specific polymorphism (TSP). The role that selection plays in maintaining such high diversity within species, as well as TSP, is an ongoing discussion in biology. In this study we used deep-sequencing techniques to characterize MHC class IIb gene diversity in three sympatric species of darters. We found at least 5 copies of the MHC gene in darters, with 126 genetic variants encoding 122 unique amino acid sequences. We identified four supertypes based on the binding properties of proteins encoded by the sequences. Although each species had a unique pool of variants, many variants were shared between species pairs and across all three species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the variants did not group together monophyletically based on species identity or on supertype. An expanded phylogenetic analysis showed that some darter alleles grouped together with alleles from other percid fishes. Our findings show that TSP occurs in darters, which suggests that balancing selection is acting at the genotype level. Supertypes, however, are most likely evolving convergently, as evidenced by the fact that alleles do not form monophyletic groups based on supertype. Our research demonstrates that selection may be acting differently on MHC genes at the genotype and supertype levels, selecting for the maintenance of high genotypic diversity while driving the convergent evolution of similar MHC phenotypes across different species.</p>
Phenotypic and ecological data from: Widespread convergent morphological evolution within the largest family of songbirds
<p>Although convergence is a common evolutionary phenomenon, few studies have quantified its prevalence across a large, densely sampled clade. Large-scale phylogenies and the advent of novel computational methods facilitate more robust identification of convergent events and their statistical significance. The tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae), the largest family of songbirds, offer an excellent opportunity to study the extent of phenotypic convergence in response to similar ecological pressures on a continental scale. To investigate convergence in the group, we used the largest phylogenetic and multivariate morphological dataset to date for the clade. First, we used phylogenetic comparative analyses to show a correlation between diet and aspects of bill shape. We then investigated our dataset for the presence and magnitude of convergent events and assessed significance through simulations and modeling analyses. Overall, we found that around half (45.3%) of species and clades we tested have converged in morphological space more than would be expected by chance alone. Our study shows that across Thraupidae, various bill shapes have evolved convergently to fill multiple distinct sections of ecological niche space, reflecting a signal of ecological opportunity and structural constraints.</p>
Data from: Convergent evolution of niche structure in Northeast Pacific kelp forests
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Phenotypic and ecological data from: Widespread convergent morphological evolution within the largest family of songbirds
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Data from: Convergent evolution of noncoding elements associated with short tarsus length in birds
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Data from: Convergent evolution of broadband reflectors underlies metallic colorations in butterflies
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Adaptive and non-adaptive convergent evolution in feather reflectance of Channel Islands songbirds
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Data from: Evolutionary déjà vu? A case of convergent evolution in an ant-plant association
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Data for: Convergent evolution of tail spines in squamate reptiles driven by microhabitat use
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Data from: Genomic evidence for convergent evolution of a key trait underlying divergence in island birds
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Data from: A low-latitude species pump: Peripheral isolation, parapatric speciation and mating-system evolution converge in a marine radiation
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The non-dereliction in evolution: Trophic specialisation drives convergence in the radiation of red devil spiders (Araneae: Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
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The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
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