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718 results for “Crown”
Fig. 2 in Two novel species of subgenus Russula crown clade (Russulales, Basidiomycota) from China
Fig. 2. Maximum Likelihood tree of subgen. Russula crown clade based on 5-locus (nLSU-mtSSUtef1-rpb2-rpb1) combined sequences, bootstrap values higher than 70% were displayed around nodes. Collections of the two novel species are shown in bold.
Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
<p>High disparity among avian forelimb and hind limb segments in crown birds relative to non-avialan theropod dinosaurs, potentially driven by the origin of separate forelimb and hind limb locomotor modules, has been linked to the evolution of diverse avian locomotor behaviors. However, this hypothesized relationship has not been quantitatively investigated in a phylogenetic framework. We assessed the relationship between the evolution of limb morphology and locomotor behavior by comparing a numerical proxy for locomotor diversity to morphospace sizes derived from a dataset of 1241 extant species. We then estimated how limb disparity accumulated during the crown avian radiation. Lastly, we tested whether limb segments evolved independently between each limb module using phylogenetically informed regressions. Disparity increased significantly with behavioral diversity after accounting for clade age and species richness. We found that forelimb disparity accumulated rapidly early in avian evolution, whereas hindlimb disparity accumulated later, in more recent divergences. We recovered little support for strong correlations between forelimb and hind limb morphology. We posit that these findings support independent evolution of locomotor modules that enabled the striking morphological and behavioral diversity of extant birds.</p>
Fig. 7 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 7. Important anatomical elements of C. microlanius. (A) Ventral view of right vomer showing ridges with teeth, border of the vomeronasal opening, and thickened anterior lateral side with facet for maxilla. (B) Isolated basioccipital in dorsal view showing occipital recess and facets for exoccipital (of the otoccipital) and prootic; about three times as large as the basioccipital next to the sphenoid of the articulated holotype. (C) Right postorbital in anterior aspect with the probable jugal facet identified. (D and E) Ventral views of right (D) and left (E) palatines; note that choanal fossa positioned anteriorly on each bone and two rows of teeth on posterolateral regions. (F to H) Isolated left frontal NHMUK PV R37274 in (F) ventral view showing crista cranii, olfactory canal and facets for the prefrontal and the (presumed) postfrontal, (G) lateral view showing facets for the prefrontal and (presumed) postfrontal, and (H) showing sculptured surface and facets for the nasal and parietal. (I) Isolated left coronoid bone NHMUK PV R37273 in lateral aspect;facets for the dentary, prearticular, and surangular are present as well as the ventral process. (J) Medial view of the same coronoid bone with conspicuous posterior, dorsal, and anterior processes as well as large fossa for the bodenaponeurosis. (K) Right coracoid, medial view, showing coracoid foramen and possible fenestra. (L) Right radius, ulna, carpus, and metacarpus. (M) Dorsal view of isolated sacral vertebrae NHMUK PV R37275 with fused pleurapophysis, foramen sacrale, and neural spine labeled. (N) Close-up of right side of cervical vertebrae showing ribs and pectoral elements including the interclavicle, clavicle, and coracoid with coracoid foramen labeled. Scale bars, 2.0 mm. Images (A) to (E), (K), (L), and (N) are segmented images from the CT scan of the holotype. Abbreviations: As in the Supplementary Materials, p. 48.
Fig. 5 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 5. Images of the holotype of C. microlanius showing sphenoid and indicating squamate features. (A) View of holotype highlighting the sphenoid with a prominent dorsum sella (showing a deep fossa) and high crista sellaris. (B) Close-up anterior (and slightly dorsal) view of the sphenoid showing posterior opening of the abducens canal and internal opening of the carotid canal. (C to F) CT scan of sphenoid in (C) ventral, (D) right latero-ventral, (E) antero-ventral, and (F) anterior views. (G to I) CT cross sections on right of each image, with thin white line showing position on left-hand side, which is a dorsal view. (G) is about midway antero-posteriorly with the slice cutting across the lateral "wing." (H) and (I) are at the anterior of the sphenoid; (I) is the most anterior. Squamate features in (C) to (I) show position of Vidian and Abducens canal foramina. All scale bars, 2 mm [bar for (C) and (D) between images; (E) and (F) bar under (F) and bottom bar is for (G) to (I)]. Ab, abducens; Bpsr, parasphenoid rostrum; Btc, trabeculae cranii; Ds, dorsum sella; Ep, epipterygoid; Hy, hypophysial; Icf, internal carotid foramen; Se, sellaris; Vi, vidian; W, wing.
Fig. 1. C in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 1. C. microlanius (NHMUK PV R36822), anatomical details. (A) Rock slab exhibits articulated partial left side of skull and mandible in medial view next to articulat- ed anterior skeleton. (B to D) Segmented CT scan models with regions outlined in (A); (B) is obverse side to (A). (E) Close-up of the left-hand side of the skull in medial view. (F) Lateral view of CT-scanned right mandible. Arrow points to anterior in this and subsequent figures. 2nd, secondary; Ad, adductor; An, angular; Ant, anterior; At, atlas; Ax, axis; Ba, basioccipital; Bs, basipterygoid; C, crest or crista; Car, carpal; Cer, cervical; Cl, clavicle; Co, coracoid; Cor, coronoid; De, deltopectoral; Den, dentary; Do, dorsal; Ec, ectopterygoid; Ect, ectepicondyle (ectepicondylar); Ent, entepicondylar; Fo, foramen (foramina); Fos, fossa; Hu, humerus (humeral); In, intercentrum; Inc, interclavicle; Ju, jugal; L., left; Lac, lacrimal; Mt., metacarpal; Mx, maxilla (maxillary); Not, notch; Oto, otoccipital; Pa, palatine; Pm, premaxilla; Po, postorbital; Post, posterior; Pra, prearticular; Prf, prefrontal; Proc, process; Pt, pterygoid; Q, quadrate; R, right; Ra, radius; Rart,retroarticular; Ri, rib; Sc,scapula;Sp, septomaxilla; Sph, sphenoid; Spl,splenial; Sq, squamosal; Sup, supratemporal; Sur, surangular; Tu, tubera; Ul, ulna; V, vertebra(l); Vo, vomer.
Fig. 4 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 4. Isolated elements of C. microlanius showing squamate features. (A) Medial view of right maxilla NHMUK PV R37279 with recurved mid and posterior teeth, resorption pits, erupting teeth on many pleurodont emplacements. (B and C) Fused premaxilla NHMUK PV R37378 in postero-palatal view (B) showing incisive processes, foramina, and characteristic asymmetrical number of teeth, 4 on right premaxilla, 3 on left, and anterior view (C). (D) Right postero-lateral view of braincase NHMUK PV R37377 showing oto-occipital, ascending process of supraoccipital and laterally expanded paroccipital process. (E) Ventral CT scan view of same braincase with similar basioccipital to holotype. (F) Lower part of braincase in lateral view showing damaged exoccipital where vagus foramen should be (posterior to crista tuberalis but anterior and above hypoglossal foramen). (G) Posterior CT scan view of right side showing damaged exoccipital; lines show position of (H). (H) Close-up, in lower posterior medial view showing hypoglossal foramina on damaged exoccipital part of otoccipital. (I) CT scan of otoccipital in lateral view showing squamate features: lateral opening of recessus scala tympani (label to opening), medial opening of recessus scala tympani, crista tuberalis, crista interfenestralis, and occipital recess. All scale bars, 2 mm [bottom bar is for (I)]. Image (H) is 0.75 mm across. C, crista; Con, condyle; Er, erupting; Ex, exoccipital; Fov, fenestra ovalis; Fu, fused; Hg, hypoglossal; If, interfenestralis; Inv, incisive; Lrst, lateral opening of recessus scala tympani; Md, median; Mrst, medial opening of recessus scala tympani; Oc, occipital; Op, opening; Pacp, paroccipital process; Pras, processus ascendens; Rec, recess; Sut, suture; Tb, tuberalis; Th, tooth.
Fig. 3 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 3. Maxillae and dentaries of C. microlanius. (A to C) Left maxilla (NHMUK PV R36999), the most complete specimen in the collection: (A) in lateral view, (B) in ventral view, and (C) in medial view. (D and E) Left dentary (NHMUK PV R37001) in lateral (D) and medial (E) views; note coronoid facet formed by a sulcus on dentary in (E). (F) Scanning electron microscopy image of right maxilla fragment (NHMUK PV R37280) and (G) fragment of left dentary (NHMUK PV R37282) demonstrating active replacement in pleurodont teeth. Scale bars represent 0.5 mm for (G), 1 mm for (F), and 2 mm for all other bones; top bar is for (A) to (C); middle bar is for (D) and (E). Abbreviations as for Fig.1 and Cn,carina;Dt,g,dental gutter; Fct, facet; La, lacrimal; M, mandibular;Mec,Meckelian; Mes,mesial; N, nerve;Na,nasal;Posd,posterodorsal trending; Rid, ridge(d); Re, resorption; Scul, sculptured; Sm, small (smaller); Sy, symphysis (symphyseal).
Fig. 2 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 2. Reconstructed skull and mandible of C. microlanius, based mainly on the holotype PV R36822. Some key squamate features are labeled. Bones in light gray (nasal, parietal, and postfrontal) are unknown and speculatively reconstructed. Skull shown in lateral (A), ventral (D), and dorsal (E) views; right mandible in lateral (B), left mandible in medial (C) views. (F) Life restoration by L. Gandolfi. Estimated skull and mandible length is 14 mm for this juvenile specimen; isolated bones indicate that the skull can reach about 30 mm. Entire animal length ~ 25 cm. For more details of bones, see fig. S1. Outline drawings by S. Powell, University of Bristol.
Fig. 6 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 6. Images of the holotype of C. microlanius and isolated quadrate showing squamate features. (A) Reverse side of holotype fossil rock NHMUK PV R36822 shown in Fig.1A. (B and C) Right squamosal in (B) medial and (C) lateral view. (D) Close-up of the right lower jaw and associated bones including the right quadrate and right postorbital. (E and F) Digtally separated from matrix isolated left quadrate NHMUK PV R37604 in (E) posterior and (F) dorso-posterior views. (G and H) Scan of right lower jaw of holotype NHMUK PV R36822 in (G) dorsal and (H) ventral views. All scale bars,2 mm. Art, articular; Ceh, cephalic head; Cot, cotyle; Hd, head; Me, medial; Pg, peg; Ty, tympanic.
Fig. 9 in A Triassic crown squamate
Fig. 9. Phylogeny of Lepidosauria showing dating estimates for key clades. The tree shows all major squamate groups, constrained on a recent molecular phylogeny (34), and displays the effect of Cryptovaranoides on dating major times of divergence. PTME,Permo-Triassic mass extinction, 252 Ma; CPE,Carnian Pluvial Episode, 232 Ma; ETME, end-Triassic mass extinction, 201 Ma; KPgME, Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction, 66 Ma.
'Does crown sheltering effect the vulnerability of trees to wind damage in tropical forests? ' project dataset
<p>The manually delineated tree crowns, polygon-based sheltering indices, canopy height model (CHM) and digital surface model (DSM) generated to investigate the effects of local crown sheltering on wind vulnerability in Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Files include both circular and directional indices at 10m, 20m, 50m and 2 x canopy radius.</p>
Remotely sensed crown nutrient concentrations modulate forest reproduction across the contiguous United States
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Data from: Shade tolerance controls the spectrum of crown sizes and its response to local competition across European and North American tree species: Implications for light interception strategies
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Pronounced differentiation on the Z chromosome and parts of the autosomes in crowned sparrows contrasts with mitochondrial paraphyly: implications for speciation
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Early diversification of avian limb morphology and the role of modularity in the locomotor evolution of crown birds
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Social connections across migration: Do Golden-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia atricapilla) that socialize in winter also breed together?
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Crown network datasets of Caatinga´s tree Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae)
<p>Properties of woody crown networks of <em>Cenostigma pyramidale</em> (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae) growing under natural conditions in Caatinga vegetation area. The data are useful in plant ecophysiology, plant functional ecology by researchers investigating the woody crown traits. We obtained the data directly from a skeletonized representation of the woody crown in a two-dimensional space by hand drawing. Subsequently, the nodes counted, and their proportions (decomposition), the distances between the different types of nodes (topology), and the values of network properties (the combination of decomposition and topology) were obtained.Properties of woody crown networks of <em>Cenostigma pyramidale</em> (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P.Lewis (Leguminosae - Caesalpinoideae) growing under natural conditions in Caatinga vegetation area. The data are useful in plant ecophysiology, plant functional ecology by researchers investigating the woody crown traits. We obtained the data directly from a skeletonized representation of the woody crown in a two-dimensional space by hand drawing. Subsequently, the nodes counted, and their proportions (decomposition), the distances between the different types of nodes (topology), and the values of network properties (the combination of decomposition and topology) were obtained.</p>
Fig. 1 in The fossil crown wasp Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic Amber (Hymenoptera, Stephanidae): designation of a neotype, revised classification, and a key to amber Stephanidae
Fig. 1. Neotype male of Electrostephanus petiolatus Brues in Baltic amber (AMNH B-JWJ-260).
NEON Tree Crowns Dataset
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>The NeonTreeCrowns dataset is a set of individual level crown estimates for 100 million trees at 37 geographic sites across the United States surveyed by the National Ecological Observation Network’s Airborne Observation Platform. Each rectangular bounding box crown prediction includes height, crown area, and spatial location. </p> <p><strong>How can I see the data?</strong></p> <p>A web server to look through predictions is available through <a href="http://idtrees.org">idtrees.org</a></p> <p><strong>Dataset Organization</strong></p> <p>The shapefiles.zip contains 11,000 shapefiles, each corresponding to a 1km^2 RGB tile from NEON (ID: DP3.30010.001). For example "2019_SOAP_4_302000_4100000_image.shp" are the predictions from "2019_SOAP_4_302000_4100000_image.tif" available from the NEON data portal: <a href="https://data.neonscience.org/data-products/explore?search=camera">https://data.neonscience.org/data-products/explore?search=camera</a>. NEON's file convention refers to the year of data collection (2019), the four letter site code (SOAP), the sampling event (4), and the utm coordinate of the top left corner (302000_4100000). For NEON site abbreviations and utm zones see <a href="https://www.neonscience.org/field-sites/field-sites-map">https://www.neonscience.org/field-sites/field-sites-map</a>. </p> <p>The predictions are also available as a single csv for each file. All available tiles for that site and year are combined into one large site. These data are not projected, but contain the utm coordinates for each bounding box (left, bottom, right, top). For both file types the following fields are available:</p> <p>Height: The crown height measured in meters. Crown height is defined as the 99th quartile of all canopy height pixels from a LiDAR height model (ID: DP3.30015.001)</p> <p>Area: The crown area in m<sup>2</sup> of the rectangular bounding box.</p> <p>Label: All data in this release are "Tree".</p> <p>Score: The confidence score from the DeepForest deep learning algorithm. The score ranges from 0 (low confidence) to 1 (high confidence)</p> <p><strong>How were predictions made?</strong></p> <p>The DeepForest algorithm is available as a python package: <a href="https://deepforest.readthedocs.io/">https://deepforest.readthedocs.io/</a>. Predictions were overlaid on the LiDAR-derived canopy height model. Predictions with heights less than 3m were removed.</p> <p><strong>How were predictions validated?</strong></p> <p>Please see</p> <p>Weinstein, B. G., Marconi, S., Bohlman, S. A., Zare, A., & White, E. P. (2020). Cross-site learning in deep learning RGB tree crown detection. <em>Ecological Informatics</em>, <em>56</em>, 101061.</p> <p>Weinstein, B., Marconi, S., Aubry-Kientz, M., Vincent, G., Senyondo, H., & White, E. (2020). DeepForest: A Python package for RGB deep learning tree crown delineation. <em>bioRxiv</em>.</p> <p>Weinstein, Ben G., et al. "Individual tree-crown detection in RGB imagery using semi-supervised deep learning neural networks." <em>Remote Sensing</em> 11.11 (2019): 1309.</p> <p><strong>Were any sites removed?</strong></p> <p>Several sites were removed due to poor NEON data quality. GRSM and PUUM both had lower quality RGB data that made them unsuitable for prediction. NEON surveys are updated annually and we expect future flights to correct these errors. We removed the GUIL puerto rico site due to its very steep topography and poor sunangle during data collection. The DeepForest algorithm responded poorly to predicting crowns in intensely shaded areas where there was very little sun penetration. We are happy to make these data are available upon request.</p> <p># Contact</p> <p>We welcome questions, ideas and general inquiries. The data can be used for many applications and we look forward to hearing from you. Contact ben.weinstein@weecology.org. </p>
Data from: The Triassic Mesophlebiidae, a little closer to the crown of the Odonata (Insecta) than other 'triassolestids'
<p>Two new, subcomplete forewings belonging to the 'triassolestid assemblage', a group of Triassic stem-relatives of dragon- and damselflies (Odonata), are described. One, recovered from Australia (Aranbanga Volcanic Group), belongs to Mesophlebia antinodalis Tillyard, 1916, previously documented on the basis of two very incomplete wings. The other, recovered from South Africa (Molteno Formation), is assigned to a new species, Mesophlebia elegans sp. nov. The new data allow a reconsideration of the diagnosis of the genus Mesophlebia Tillyard, 1916 and a re-instatement of the family Mesophlebiidae Tillyard, 1916. Notably, the new specimens possess, near the wing base, a posterior lobe absent in most 'triassolestid' genera, but present in crown-Odonata and a number of their stem-relatives. Lobodonata tax. nov. is erected to accommodate odonates possessing this lobe. The nature of the 'vein-like' element anteriorly delimiting this lobe is discussed. We submit that it might have been initially composed of an invagination of the posterior wing-margin ('fibula'), which was later captured by AA, imposing its course on CuP.</p>
ScienceDex guides
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.