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FIG. 17 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 17. Palmar views of hands, ×10.9–11.8. A: Silverstoneia flotator (Dunn), an adult male (AMNH A-113885). B, C: S. minutissima, n. sp., showing hands of (B) an adult male (LACM 72019) and (C) an adult female (LACM 72016). Note widened third finger in S. flotator (A), a sexually dimorphic feature that characterizes some species but not others. Approximately ×11–12.

FIG. 7. Silverstoneia dalyi, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 7. Silverstoneia dalyi, n. sp. Prominent silvery iridophores appear to characterize back-riding tadpoles of this species. Top: Enlarged view of back-riding larvae in figure 3B. The presumed iridophores appear more uniformly distributed in life than in preservative. Bottom: One of the above tadpoles in preservative, showing irregular distribution or clumping of iridophores.

FIG. 5. Silverstoneia dalyi, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 5. Silverstoneia dalyi, n. sp., in ventral view. Top: Adult males, left to right: AMNH A-86919, 86921, 86928. Bottom: Adult females, left to right: AMNH A-86923, 86925, 86930. All from Quebrada Vicordó, above Noanamá, Río San Juan, ×1.8.

FIG. 2 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 2. Species of Silverstoneia in life. A. Silverstoneia minima, n. sp. (one of the series UVC 13111–13127, 13131, 13170–13710; photograph by T.G.). B. Silverstoneia punctiventris, n. sp. (adult female MHNUC 321, 18.6 mm SVL; photograph by T.G.). C. Silverstoneia flotator (Dunn), adult male (AMNH A-69821, 15.0 mm SVL; photograph by R.G. Zweifel). D. Silverstoneia nubicola (Dunn), adult female (UVC 11654, 18.1 mm SVL; photograph by T.G.).

FIG. 4. Silverstoneia dalyi, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 4. Silverstoneia dalyi, n. sp. The adult male holotype (AMNH A-86920) in dorsal and ventral view, ×2.1.

FIG. 11. Silverstoneia gutturalis, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 11. Silverstoneia gutturalis, n. sp., showing variation in ventral color pattern. Top: Adult males, left to right: LACM 44068, 44070, 44075 (holotype), 44077. Bottom: Adult females, left to right: LACM 44058, 44061, 44069, 44073. Approximately ×1.7.

FIG. 9 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 9. Habitats at the type locality of Silverstoneia dalyi, n. sp. Top: Rainforest stream near Quebrada Docordó, about 100–120 m. Bottom: Ridge-top rain forest, at an elevation about 30 m higher than the stream. The frogs were common especially near the stream (photographs by C.W.M., February 6, 1971).

FIG. 21 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 21. Larval mouths of Silverstoneia spp. A. S. flotator (Dunn), AMNH A-116795 (1 of 7) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. B. S. minima, n. sp., AMNH A-102090 (1 of 4 from back of holotype), Alto del Buey, Chocó, Colombia. C. S. dalyi, n. sp., AMNH A-155163 (1 of 6 from back of holotype, see fig. 3 bottom), Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. D. S. nubicola (Dunn), AMNH A-104230 from stream near El Llano–Cartí Road, central Panama. A–C show the mouths of three species of back-riding tadpoles in late stage 24 (spiracular tubes absent or indistinct), with total lengths of 10–12 mm. D shows the mouth of a larger (20 mm total length) free-living S. nubicola tadpole, stage 25; note developing keratinization of the beak. Arrows indicate weak anterolateral emargination of oral disc in S. dalyi and S. nubicola.

FIG. 20 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 20. The distal thigh musculature of Dendrobatoidea. Left: Reproduction of Noble's (1922: pl. XV, fig. 6) illustration of the ventral view of the distal thigh musculature of the left leg of "Hyloxalus granuliventris" (specimen now = Rheobates palmatus, AMNH A-13472). Right: Distal thigh musculature of the left leg of Colostethus imbricolus (AMNH A-102085) with muscles further deflected and the limb more extended and rotated outward to better expose the inner knee. In both illustrations the distal tendon of the m. semitendinosus is strapped to the mm. gracilis complex by a binding tendon and inserts dorsad to the mm. gracilis tendon of insertion. Note that Noble (left) referred to the binding and secondary tendons (boldface on illustration at right) as ligaments. Abbreviations: Add. Mag., m. adductor magnus*; Add. Long., m. adductor longus*; Bind. lig./tend., binding ligament/tendon; Crur., m. cruralis; Grac. complex, fused m. gracilis major and m. g. minor*; Grac. maj., m. gracilis major; Sec. lig./tend., secondary ligament/tendon; Semimebr., m. semimembranosus; Semitend., m. semitendinosus; Tend. semitend., tendon of insertion of the m. semitendinosus. (*See Grant et al. [2006: 88, fn. 6] for corrections to Noble's illustration of these muscles, and ibid. [fn. 7] for comment on the use of tendon vs. ligament.)

FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.) in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG, 1. John William Daly (1933–2008) on the upper Río San Juan. This paper is dedicated to John Daly, our late friend and colleague, who helped collect three of the new species here described. In addition to his globally acclaimed discoveries in chemistry and pharmacology, John was an accomplished field herpetologist who contributed importantly to the systematics and natural history of dendrobatoid frogs (see Grant et al., 2006; Myers, 2009). This photograph shows John at age 37, with the upper Río San Juan behind him and branches overhead of a madroño tree (probably Garcinia magnifolia, syn. Rheedia chocoensis, Clusiaceae). When in South America, John was never far from a dendrobatid frog—this time, in the tree above his head, a tiny, undescribed semiarboreal species (also collected and later named "Dendrobates fuguritus" by our colleague Philip Silverstone). Other dendrobatids found nearby included Phyllobates aurotaenia (Boulenger, 1913), which was then being used for poisoning blowgun darts, and also the nontoxic species that we name Silverstoneia dalyi herein. (Photograph by C. W. Myers, 2 km above Playa de Oro, Chocó, February 16, 1971.)

FIG. 8 in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 8. Diverse habitats of Silverstoneia dalyi, n. sp., in the Río San Juan drainage. Top: Swamp forest 2 km above Playa de Oro, 210 m, upper Río San Juan. Frogs collected in 1970 and 1971 in this forest were found mainly along a small sluggish stream. Bottom: Forest stream, 80 m, near Quebrada Vicordó about 5 km above Noanamá. The frogs were most common on the forested hillside above the stream, to about 100 m elevation (photographs by C.W.M., February 20, 1970, and February 3, 1971).

FIG. 14. Silverstoneia minima, n in Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)

FIG. 14. Silverstoneia minima, n. sp., and S. minutissima, n. sp., showing diagnostic differences in pigmentation on dorsal surface of thigh (not to same scale). A, B: S. minima (LACM 72031, 72033). C, D: S. minutissima (LACM 72020, 44053). Each pair of photographs shows approximate extent of observed variation in the two species.

Fig. 4 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 4. Ontogenetic variation in male ventral coloration of Colostethus inguinalis. Left to right: LACM 42522 (subadult, left vocal slit open, 21.0 mm SVL), LACM 42437 (adult, 23.0 mm SVL), LACM 42402 (adult, 23.4 mm SVL), LACM 42334 (adult, 27.4 mm SVL).

Fig. 5 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 5. Map of Panama and northern Colombia showing localities for specimens examined of Colostethus inguinalis (circles), C. latinasus (pentagons), and C. panamensis (squares). The checkered circle indicates the approximate locality of the holotype of C. inguinalis, which was reported only as ''the river Truando, New Granada'' (Cope, 1868: 138).

Fig. 8 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 8. Ventral and dorsal views of Colostethus latinasus. A: Adult female (KU 115910, 31.8 mm SVL). B: Adult male (KU 94811, 30.1 mm SVL).

Fig. 3 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 3. Lateral views of Colostethus inguinalis (A: LACM 42417, adult female, 27.5 mm SVL) and C. panamensis (B: AMNH 87297, adult female, 24.9 mm SVL). Note the pale postocular stripe crossing the anteroventral twothirds of the welldefined tympanum of C. inguinalis versus the solid dark brown color of the inconspicuous tympanum of C. panamensis.

Fig. 7 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 7. Ventral and dorsal views of Colostethus panamensis from Parque Nacional Natural Los Katios, Colombia. A: Adult female (IAvH 3348, 28.2 mm SVL). B: Adult male (IAvH 3347, 24.3 mm SVL).

Fig. 6 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 6. Ventral and dorsal views of Colostethus panamensis from El Valle de Antón, Panama. A: Adult female (AMNH 124217, 26.5 mm SVL). B: Adult male (AMNH 124216, 23.1 mm SVL).

Fig. 1 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 1. Dorsal and ventral views of type specimens of three species currently placed in Colostethus. A: Prostherapis inguinalis (holotype, adult female, 27.6 mm SVL, type species of Prostherapis), USNM 4349. B: Hyloxalus panamensis (holotype, adult male, 24.5 mm SVL), MCZ 19209. C: Phyllobates latinasus (neotype, adult female, 30.3 mm SVL, type species of Colostethus), USNM 50198.

Fig. 2 in On the Identities of Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) and C. panamensis (Dunn, 1933), with Comments on C. latinasus (Cope, 1863) (Anura: Dendrobatidae)

Fig. 2. Ventral and dorsal views of adult female (A: LACM 42409, 28.2 mm SVL, one of the darkest females observed) and adult male (B: LACM 42329, 26.9 mm SVL) specimens of Colostethus inguinalis.