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FIG. 4 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 4. Effect of distance upstream of Oklahoma border on occupancy probability of D. monticola along Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas, USA. Solid line represents the mean relationship between distance and occupancy probability and dashed lines are the 95% credible intervals for estimates of the covariate effect.

FIG. 6 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 6. Number of new captures and recaptures of individual D. monticola per survey at 10 m x 3 m mark-recapture site on Spavinaw Creek, Arkansas.

FIG. 1 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 1. Map of study locations sampled to investigate distribution and abundance of non-native Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) along Spavinaw Creek, Benton County, northwest Arkansas, USA, relative to adjacent regions of Oklahoma and Missouri. Inset shows the location of each occupancy sampling site along Spavinaw Creek, with filled circles indicating sites found to be occupied by D. monticola. Sites are numbered (Fig. 2) sequentially from west to east. The location of the capture-mark-recapture site (site 17) is indicated by the hollow black circle.

FIG. 2 in Distribution and Abundance of Introduced Seal Salamanders (Desmognathus monticola) in Northwest Arkansas, USA

FIG. 2. Salamanders captured by species and sampling site during low-intensity occupancy surveys along Spavinaw Creek, northwest Arkansas. Captures represent totals over three 10 min nocturnal visual surveys per site. An asterisk (*) denotes the site where density was estimated via capture-mark-recapture.

FIG. 3 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 3. Decline in relative growth rate (g K) with age (x) in three species of Desmognathus in the southern Nantahala Mountains. 1. D. ocoee, ln (g K) ¼ 0.7947–0.4556x. 2. D. wrighti, ln(g K) ¼ 0.8703–0.5961x. 3. D. aeneus, ln(g K) ¼ 1.0019–0.6408x.

FIG. 2 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 2. Provisional growth curves of (A) Desmognathus aeneus and (B) Desmognathus wrighti fitted by the Gompertz growth function.

FIG. 1 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 1. Southern Nantahala Mountain species of Desmognathus discussed in this report. (A, B) D. wrighti, adults. (C) D. aeneus, adult. (D, E) D. ocoee, small individuals, both within the size range of adult D. aeneus and D. wrighti.

FIG. 4 in Life-History Complementarity in the Miniaturized Salamanders Desmognathus aeneus and Desmognathus wrighti

FIG. 4. Least-squares regression of ln follicle number on ln standard length for southern Nantahala females of Desmognathus aeneus. The least-squares regression equation is ln fol ¼ –3.205 þ 1.754·ln SL (Bruce, 2014). LCL, UCL: lower, upper 95% confidence limits. LPL, UPL: lower, upper prediction limits.

FIGURE 8. A in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 8. A large (75mm SVL) adult Desmognathus intermedius (RAP2814) from Wycle Fork (NC: Haywood) in life. Note the faded lichenous dorsal patches muddled into more indistinct blotches. Photo courtesy of MAS.

FIGURE 6 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 6. An adult Desmognathus marmoratus from Hickory Creek (NC: Henderson), from the isolated population (marmoratus G) in Hickory Nut Gorge. This phylogeographic sublineage of D. marmoratus contains significant genomic ancestry from D. intermedius and potentially other Pisgah-clade species (Pyron et al. 2022c). Photo courtesy of M.A. Seldes (UGA).

FIGURE 2 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 2. Map of the Lower New River drainage (HUC8:05050004) in West Virginia (WV) showing surveyed localities from our recent fieldwork (2020–2022), highlighting sites containing Desmognathus kanawha, D. marmoratus, no aquatic Desmognathus, and likely candidates for future surveys. Each area was searched for at least 1 person/hour, netting the effluent of disturbed riffle zones adequate to detect Shovel-nosed Salamanders. The New (Kanawha) River is indicated in dark blue, with tributaries in gray. In addition to Piney Creek which we consider a likely site (?), numerous additional creeks and streams in the region remain to be evaluated. Watershed data are projected at 1:24,000 from the National Hydrography Dataset (https://www. usgs.gov/national-hydrography/national-hydrography-dataset), accessed 7 November 2022. Literature record (lit.) from Wooten and Rissler (2011).

FIGURE 1 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 1. Map of genetic, specimen-vouchered, and literature localities for the three species of Shovel-nosed Salamanders, from our collections (RAP and DAB) and Martof (1956), Jackson (2005), Kozak et al. (2005), Wooten and Rissler (2011), Beamer and Lamb (2020), and Pyron et al. (2022c). Type localities are indicated with inverted triangles, and the site indicated in grey is a dubious locality reported by Wooten and Rissler (2011). Our extensive fieldwork at this and numerous other sites in the headwaters of the New (Kanawha) River yielded no specimens. State abbreviations are GA—Georgia, SC—South Carolina, NC—North Carolina, TN—Tennessee, VA—Virginia, and WV—West Virginia.

FIGURE 5 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 5. An adult Desmognathus marmoratus from Laurel Creek (VA: Smyth). Note the indistinctiveness of the dorsal color pattern. Photo courtesy of T.W. Pierson (KSU).

FIGURE 7 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 7. An adult Desmognathus aureatus from Pruitt Creek (GA: Lumpkin), near the type locality. Note the brighter yellow or golden lichenous dorsal blotches. Photo courtesy of MAS.

FIGURE 9 in A systematic revision of the Shovel-nosed Salamander (Plethodontidae: Desmognathus marmoratus), with re-description of the related D. aureatus and D. intermedius

FIGURE 9. An adult Desmognathus intermedius from Little Santeetlah Creek (NC: Graham). Note the uniformly muddled dorsal blotches forming an indistinct pattern. Photo courtesy of MAS.