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FIG. 12 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 12.—Skull shape variation within the Craugastor mexicanus series as depicted by principal components analysis of 14 geometric morphometric landmarks (Fig. 10). The first 7 principal components explained ~75% of the variance. The second and third principal components are depicted because they maximized differences between large-bodied and small bodied species.
FIG. 17 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 17.—Dorsal surface of the head in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female paratype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); female paratype of C. cueyatl (C, MZFC-HE-35614. SVL ¼ 17.2 mm); female C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94230, SVL ~12 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); female C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-28754, SVL ¼ 35.9 mm); female C. montanus (F, UMMZ 87970, SVL ¼ 25.8 mm); male C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66139, SVL ¼ 18.1 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); male C. saltator (L, UTA A-54931, SVL ¼ 18.4 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 10 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 10.—Difference in ontogenetic trajectories between select largebodied (Craugastor mexicanus, C. omiltemanus, C. saltator) and smallbodied species (C. hobartsmithi, C. pygmaeus) of the C. mexicanus series as evidenced by reduced-major axis regression of size-correlated shape axes with log-centroid size following Sidlauskas et al. (2011).
FIG. 36 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 36.—Subadult Craugastor saltator (left, UTA A-66120, SVL ¼ 14.5 mm) from area above Corral de Bravo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2560–2590 m; female holotype (right, FMNH 100166, SVL ¼ 44.0 mm) from Omiltemi, Guerrero, Mexico. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 35 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 35.—Ventral coloration in life from some member of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Craugastor rubinus (A, UTA A-62345); C. pygmaeus (B, UTA A-64284), C. cueyatl (C, UTA A-62348). Note varying levels of bluishwhite speckling. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 16 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 16.—Lateral body surface in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female paratype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); female paratype of C. cueyatl (C, MZFC-HE-35614. SVL ¼ 17.2 mm); male C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94231, SVL ~11 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); male C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-6907, SVL ¼ 22.3 mm); female C. montanus (F, UMMZ 87970, SVL ¼ 25.8 mm); male C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66139, SVL ¼ 18.1 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); male C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-64414, SVL ¼ 10.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); male C. saltator (L, UTA A-54931, SVL ¼ 18.4 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 22 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 22.—Female holotype of Craugastor bitonium (A, UTA A-64254, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm); female paratype (B, UTA A-66117, SVL ¼ 16.9 mm); (B); one male and two female paratypes (C, left to right, UTA A-66119, SVL ¼ 12.3 mm; MZFC-HE-35600, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm; MZFC-HE-35601, SVL ¼ 15.2 mm); female paratype (D, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm). Note two-tone dorsal color pattern in A, B, and C. All collected from the road between Yextla and Vuelta del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico, 2071 m. Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 19 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 19.—Lateral surface of the head in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female holotype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-64254, SVL ¼ 15.8 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); male holotype of C. cueyatl (C, UTA A-62348, SVL ¼ 13.0 mm); female C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94230, SVL ~12 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); female C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-28754, SVL ¼ 35.9 mm); male C. montanus (F, UMMZ 88002, SVL ¼ 21.8 mm); female C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66140, SVL ¼ 30.9 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); female C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-54809, SVL ¼ 17.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); male C. saltator (L, UTA A-54931, SVL ¼ 18.4 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 18 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 18.—Ventral surface of the head in representative specimens of the Craugastor mexicanus series. Female paratype of C. bitonium (A, UTA A-66118, SVL ¼ 16.7 mm); female paratype of C. candelariensis (B, UTA A-55247, SVL ¼ 18.6 mm); female paratype of C. cueyatl (C, MZFC-HE-35614. SVL ¼ 17.2 mm); male C. hobartsmithi (D, UMMZ 94231, SVL ~11 mm, photo by J. David Curlis); male C. mexicanus (E, UTA A-6907, SVL ¼ 22.3 mm); female C. montanus (F, UMMZ 87970, SVL ¼ 25.8 mm); male C. omiltemanus (G, UTA A-66139, SVL ¼ 18.1 mm); female holotype of C. polaclavus (H, UTA A-62392, SVL ¼ 14.7 mm); female holotype of C. portilloensis (I, UTA A-62393, SVL ¼ 11.4 mm); male C. pygmaeus (J, UTA A-64414, SVL ¼ 10.3 mm); male holotype of C. rubinus (K, UTA A-62345, SVL ¼ 12.6 mm); male C. saltator (L, UTA A-54931, SVL ¼ 18.4 mm). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 5 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 5.—Maximum Likelihood analysis of nuclear DNA (nDNA) markers sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 1183 base pairs). Blackcirclesindicatenodesreceivingbootstrapsupportvalues>90 fromthe Maximum Likelihoodanalysisand 0.90 posteriorprobabilitiesincorresponding Bayesian analyses. Where posterior probabilities were>0.90 but Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support was <90, a number indicates the bootstrap support. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz.
FIG. 8 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 8.—Distribution of Craugastor hobartsmithi, C. cf. hobartsmithi, C. omiltemanus and six new species from Mexico. Dots inside symbols indicate individuals used in the molecular analyses in this study. Inset depicts region of Oaxaca where three of the new species exist in near sympatry. A question mark indicates uncertain georeferencing. Relevant type localities are indicated by text and arrows.
FIG. 1 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 1.—Male holotype of Eleutherodactylus hobartsmithi Taylor (A, FMNH 100114, SVL ¼ 14.4 mm); female holotype of Leiuperus mexicanus Brocchi (B, MNHNP 6318, SVL ~ 40 mm); male holotype of Microbatrachylus oaxacae Taylor (C, FMNH 100001, SVL ¼ 18.1 mm); male holotype of Microbatrachylus lineatissimus Taylor (D, FMNH 100036, SVL ¼ 20.0 mm); female holotype of Microbatrachylus montanus Taylor (E, USNM 115507, SVL ¼ 27.0 mm); female holotype of Eleutherodactylus pygmaeus Taylor (F, UIMNH 16125, SVL ¼ 17.0 mm); female holotype of Microbatrachylus albolabris Taylor (G, FMNH 100071, SVL ¼ 16.5 mm); male holotype of Microbatrachylus minimus Taylor (H, FMNH 100323, SVL ¼ 15.0 mm); female holotype of Microbatrachylus imitator Taylor (I, USNM 115508, SVL ¼ 14.2 mm); male lectotype of Syrrhaphus omiltemanus Günther (J, BMNH 1947.2.16.62, SVL ¼ 19.8 mm); female lectotype of Hylodes calcitrans Günther (K, BMNH 1947.2.16.47, SVL ¼ 34.9 mm); female holotype of Eleutherodactylus saltator Taylor (L, FMNH 100166, SVL ¼ 44.0 mm). Symbols correspond to current taxonomic assignments (square ¼ C. hobartsmithi, triangle ¼ C. mexicanus, crossedsquare ¼ C. montanus, pentagon ¼ C. omiltemanus, circle ¼ C. pygmaeus, rotated-triangle ¼ C. saltator). Acolor version of this figure is available online.
FIG. 4 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 4.—Maximum Likelihood analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 1047 base pairs). Black circles indicate nodes receiving bootstrap support values>90 from the Maximum Likelihood analysis and 0.90 posterior probabilities in corresponding Bayesian analyses. Where posterior probabilities were>0.90 but Maximum Likelihood bootstrap support was <90, a number indicates the bootstrap support. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, HID ¼ Hidalgo, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz.
FIG. 3 in Miniaturization in Direct-Developing Frogs from Mexico with the Description of Six New Species
FIG. 3.—Concatenated Maximum Likelihood analyses of two mitochondrial (12S and 16S) and two nuclear (RAG1 and TYR) gene fragments sequenced from the Craugastor mexicanus series (total of 2230 base pairs). Node values correspond to bootstrap support from Maximum Likelihood analysis and posterior probabilities from a Bayesian analysis of the same data set, respectively. Support values are not reported for nodes that had <50/0.50. NS indicates no support in the Bayesian analysis for a depicted relationship. Locality abbreviations are as follows: COL ¼ Colima, HID ¼ Hidalgo, GRO ¼ Guerrero, JAL ¼ Jalisco, MEX ¼ Estado de México, OAX ¼ Oaxaca, PUE ¼ Puebla, and VER ¼ Veracruz.
Figure 3 in New phenotypic synapomorphies delimit three molecular-based clades of New World direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea)
Figure 3. Ventral view of hands showing the comparative size of discs on fingers I and II in frogs of genus Pristimantis. A, Pristimantis appendiculatus (Werner, 1894) (KU 165140). B, Pristimantis penelopus (Lynch & Rueda-Almonacid, 1999) (ICN
Figure 1 in New phenotypic synapomorphies delimit three molecular-based clades of New World direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea)
Figure 1. Lateral view of pelvic and thigh musculature showing origins of the m. iliacus externus (ile) and m. tensor fasciae latae (tfl) from the iliac shaft (ish) in frogs of the superfamily Brachycephaloidea. A, Pristimantis kelephus (Lynch, 1998) (ICN 39671). B, Pristimantis cristinae (Lynch & Ruiz-Carranza, 1985) (ICN 3950). C, Craugastor longirostris (Boulenger, 1898) (ICN 42787). D, Ceuthomantis sp1 Colombia (JDL 32489). The red and green colours denote the portion anterior of the iliac shaft free of muscle fibres and the tensor fasciae latae (tfl), respectively. Scale bars = 2 mm.
Figure 4 in New phenotypic synapomorphies delimit three molecular-based clades of New World direct-developing frogs (Amphibia: Anura: Brachycephaloidea)
Figure 4. Distribution of unambiguously optimized phenotypic synapomorphies recovered in the current character analysis. The phylogenetic hypothesis for Brachycephaloidea is that of Padial et al. (2014) and relationships outside Brachycephaloidea follow Jetz & Pyron (2018). Genera and subgenera were collapsed, but the complete distribution of character states is shown in Table 1. Character numbers are given beneath each square, with primitive-derived character states inside each square (see text and Table 1 for character definitions). Colour coding: red = untransformed, homoplastic; blue = transformed, homoplastic.
FIGURE 9 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region
FIGURE 9. Intensive habitat destruction and fragmentation are important threats for amphibian populations in Cordillera del Condor, sector of Tundayme, Zamora Chinchipe: A) panoramic view of extensive deforestation at Tundayme; B) fragmented forest due to new roads opened near to Mirador; C) wetlands destroyed at San Marcos; D) small streams with deposit of sediments in Eneretsa.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region
FIGURE 3. Holotype of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. (FHGO 9962, adult female, SVL 24.4 mm) in preservative: A) dorsal view, B) ventral view, C) head, dorsal view, and D) head, lateral view.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of direct-developing frog of the genus Pristimantis (Anura: Terrarana: Craugastoridae) from Cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador, with comments on threats to the anuran fauna of the region
FIGURE 2. Holotype of Pristimantis yantzaza sp. nov. in life, FHGO 9962, adult female, SVL 24.4 mm: A) dorsal view, and B) ventral view.
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