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854 results for “Disparity”
Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary patterns of Cambrian hyoliths
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Cambrian origin but no early burst in functional disparity for Class Bivalvia
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Reducing Hepatitis C diagnostic disparities with a point of care assay for HCV antigen detection
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Data from: Phylogenetic sampling affects evolutionary patterns of morphological disparity
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Data from: Morphological disparity and evolutionary rates of cranial and postcranial characters in sloths (Mammalia, Pilosa, Folivora)
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Investigating the biotic and abiotic drivers of body size disparity in communities of non-volant terrestrial mammals
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Data from: Mosaic evolution underlies feliform morphological disparity
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Data from: PM2.5 exposure disparities persist despite strict vehicle emissions controls in California
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Socioeconomic disparities in subway use and COVID-19 outcomes in New York City
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Mining the health disparities and minority health bibliome: A computational scoping review and gap analysis of 200,000+ articles
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Data from: Evolution of fungal phenotypic disparity
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Data from: Fossilisation can mislead analyses of phenotypic disparity
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Weak overcomes strong in sensory integration: Shading warps the disparity field
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Data to "Near-optimal combination of disparity across a log-polar scaled visual field"
<p>This record contains experimental and analysis scripts (written in Matlab) as well as raw and processed data to reproduce the results shown in:</p> <p>Maiello, G., Chessa, M., Bex, P. J., & Solari, F. (2020) Near-optimal combination of disparity across a log-polar scaled visual field. <em>PLOS Computational Biology, 16</em>(4), e1007699. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007699">https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007699</a></p>
Data from: Pollinator shifts, contingent evolution, and evolutionary constraint drive floral disparity in Salvia (Lamiaceae): evidence from morphometrics and phylogenetic comparative methods
Switches in pollinators have been argued to be key drivers of floral evolution in angiosperms. However, few studies have tested the relationship between floral shape evolution and switches in pollination in large clades. In concert with a dated phylogeny, we present a morphometric analysis of corolla, anther connective, and style shape across 44% of nearly 1,000 species of Salvia (Lamiaceae) and test four hypotheses of floral evolution. We demonstrate that floral morphospace of New World (NW) Salvia is largely distinct from that of Old World (OW) Salvia and that these differences are pollinator driven; that shifts in floral morphology sometimes mirror shifts in pollinators; that anther connectives (key constituents of the Salvia staminal lever) and styles co-evolved from curved to linear shapes following shifts from bee to bird pollination; and that morphological differences between NW and OW bee flowers are partly the legacy of constraints imposed by an earlier shift to bird pollination in the NW. The distinctive staminal lever in Salvia is a morphologically diverse structure that has evolved in concert with both the corolla and style, under different pollinator pressures, and in contingent fashion.
Data from: Behavioral modifications lead to disparate demographic consequences in two sympatric species
Life-history theory suggests species that typically have a large number of offspring and high adult mortality may make decisions that benefit offspring survival in exchange for increased adult risks. Such behavioral adaptations are essential to understanding how demographic performance is linked to habitat selection during this important life-history stage. Though studies have illustrated negative fitness consequences to attendant adults or potential fitness benefits to associated offspring because of adaptive habitat selection during brood rearing, equivocal relationships could arise if both aspects of this reproductive trade-off are not assessed simultaneously. To better understand how adaptive habitat selection during brood-rearing influences demographics, we studied the brood survival, attendant parental survival, and space use of two sympatric ground-nesting bird species, the northern bobwhite (hereafter: "bobwhite"; Colinus virgininanus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). During the 2013-2014 breeding seasons, we estimated habitat suitability across two grains (2 m and 30 m) for both species and determined how adult space-use of these areas influenced individual chick survival and parental risk. We found the proportion of a brood's home range containing highly suitable areas significantly increased bobwhite chick survival (β = 0.02, SE = 0.006). Additionally, adult weekly survival for bobwhite was greater for individuals not actively brooding offspring (0.9716, SE = 0.0054) as compared to brooding adults (0.8928, SE = 0.0006). Conversely, brood habitat suitability did not influence scaled quail chick survival during our study, nor did we detect a survival cost for adults that were actively brooding offspring. Our research illustrates the importance of understanding life-history strategies and how they might influence relationships between adaptive habitat selection and demographic parameters.
Serial disparity in the carnivoran backbone unveil a complex adaptive role in metameric evolution
Multi-element systems such as the vertebral column of vertebrates represent a major challenge to phenotypic quantification and macroevolutionary analyses. The vertebral column is a metameric structure, composed of serially repeated subunits, and much of what is known so far has been inferred from sparse anatomical samples, providing little insight into local-scale (i.e. vertebra-to-vertebra) variation and its macroevolutionary importance. This limits understanding of how evolutionary constraints and functional adaptation interact during the evolution of multi-element phenotypes. Here, we quantify morphological disparity across all subunits (vertebrae) of the pre-sacral column in the mammalian order Carnivora. We address how vertebral morphology varies among elements, and the extent to which these patterns have been structured by constraints and/or evolutionary adaptation to locomotory capabilities, using 3D geometric morphometrics and multivariate analyses for high-dimensional phenotypes. We find that lumbars and posterior thoracics exhibit high individual disparity but low serial differentiation. These vertebrae are pervasively recruited into locomotory functions, exhibiting high-dimensional ecomorphological signals and patterns of evolution indicative of relaxed constraints. Cervical and anterior thoracic vertebrae have low individual disparity and greater serial differentiation. Individual vertebrae in these regions unexpectedly also show signals of locomotory adaptation that were not generally recognized by previous studies. These are characterized by low-dimensional ecomorphological signals and overall constrained patterns of evolution. Our findings support the hypothesis that the lumbar region is a key innovation that increases ecological versatility of mammalian locomotion. Nevertheless, locomotory adaptation is more widely distributed along the mammalian axial skeleton. This has been masked by local-scale variation and low phenotypic variability in comparison with other skeletal structures such as the skull or limbs. Our analyses demonstrate that the strength of ecomorphological signal does not have a predictable influence on macroevolutionary outcomes even within the same structure, and undermine the traditional view that highly constrained skeletal units are strongly limited in their potential to adapt to new ecological avenues. Our findings emphasize the importance of quantifying local-scale variation in functionally versatile, multi-element phenotypes such as the vertebral column, or indeed, the vertebrate skeleton as a whole.
Categorical versus geometric morphometric approaches to characterising the evolution of morphological disparity in Osteostraci (Vertebrata, stem-Gnathostomata)
Morphological variation (disparity) is almost invariably characterised by two non-mutually exclusive approaches: (i) quantitatively, through geometric morphometrics, and (ii) in terms of discrete, 'cladistic', or categorical characters. Uncertainty over the comparability of these approaches diminishes the potential to obtain nomothetic insights into the evolution of morphological disparity and the few benchmarking studies conducted so far show contrasting results. Here, we apply both approaches to characterising morphology in the stem-gnathostome clade Osteostraci in order to assess congruence between these alternative methods as well as to explore the evolutionary patterns of the group in terms of temporal disparity and the influence of phylogenetic relationships and habitat on morphospace occupation. Our results suggest that both approaches yield similar results in morphospace occupation and clustering, but also some differences indicating that these metrics may capture different aspects of morphology. Phylomorphospaces reveal convergence towards a generalised 'horseshoe'-shaped cranial morphology and two strong trends involving major groups of osteostracans (benneviaspidids and thyestiids), which probably reflect adaptations to different lifestyles. Temporal patterns of disparity obtained from categorical and morphometric approaches appear congruent, however disparity maxima are recorded at very different times in the evolutionary history of the group when increasing the number of taxa and characters in the categorical dataset. The results of our analyses indicate that categorical and continuous datasets may characterize different patterns of morphological disparity and that discrepancies could reflect preservational limitations of morphometric data and differences in the potential of each data type for characterizing more or less inclusive aspects of overall phenotype.
The Jurassic rise of squamates as supported by lepidosaur disparity and evolutionary rates
<p>The squamates (lizards, snakes, and relatives) today comprise more than 10,000 species, and yet their sister group, the Rhynchocephalia, is represented by a single species today, the tuatara. The explosion in squamate diversity has been tracked back to the Cretaceous Terrestrial Revolution, 100 million years ago (Ma), the time when flowering plants began their takeover of terrestrial ecosystems, associated with diversification of coevolving insects and insect-eating predators such as lizards, birds, and mammals. Squamates arose much earlier, but their long pre-Cretaceous history of some 150 million years (Myr) is documented by sparse fossils. Here, we provide evidence for an initial radiation of squamate morphology in the Middle and Late Jurassic (174–145 Ma), and show that they established their key ecological roles much earlier than had been assumed, and they have not changed them much since.</p>
Tracking invasions of a destructive defoliator, the gypsy moth (Erebidae: Lymantria dispar): population structure, origin of intercepted specimens, and Asian introgression into North America
Genetic data can help elucidate the dynamics of biological invasions, which are fueled by the constant expansion of international trade. The introduction of European gypsy moth (<i>Lymantria dispar dispar</i>) into North America is a classic example of human-aided invasion that has caused tremendous damage to North American temperate forests. Recently, the even more destructive Asian gypsy moth (mainly <i>L. d. asiatica</i> and <i>L. d. japonica</i>) has been intercepted in North America, mostly transported by cargo ships. To track invasion pathways, we developed a diagnostic panel of 60 DNA loci (55 nuclear and 5 mitochondrial) to characterize worldwide genetic differentiation within <i>L. dispar</i> and its sister species <i>L. umbrosa</i>. Hierarchical analyses supported strong differentiation and recovered five geographic groups that correspond to 1) North America, 2) Europe plus North Africa and Middle East, 3) the Urals, Central Asia, and Russian Siberia, 4) continental East Asia, and 5) the Japanese islands. Interestingly, <i>L. umbrosa</i> was grouped with <i>L. d. japonica</i>, and the introduced North American population exhibits remarkable distinctiveness from contemporary European counterparts. Each geographic group, with the exception of North America, shows additional lower-level structures when analyzed individually, which provided the basis for inference of the origin of invasive specimens. Two assignment approaches consistently identified a coastal area of continental East Asia as the major source for Asian invasion during 2014–2015, with Japan being another source. By analyzing simulation and laboratory crosses, we further provided evidence for the occurrence of natural Asian-North American hybrids in the Pacific Northwest, raising concerns for introgression of Asian alleles that may accelerate range expansion of gypsy moth in North America. Our study demonstrates how genetic data contribute to bio-surveillance of invasive species with results that can inform regulatory management and reduce the frequency of trade-associated invasions.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.