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Fig 2 in Colour patterns in Early Devonian cephalopods from the Barrandian Area: Taphonomy and taxonomy

Fig 2. Adapertural part of orthoceratoid body chamber NM−L 38471 with preserved colour pattern; counterpart. Koněprusy, Klonk section, Lower Devonian, Lochkovian, Lochkov Formation, Monograptus uniformis Zone, interbed 20/21 (see Chlupáč, Jaeger and Zikmundová 1972). A. Photograph. B. Schematic drawing; axis of the shell is indicated.

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Fig. 4 in Colour patterns in Early Devonian cephalopods from the Barrandian Area: Taphonomy and taxonomy

Fig. 4. Ptenoceras alatum (Barrande, 1865). Schematic outlines of colour pattern in specimen NM−L 40726, illustrated here on Fig. 3B.

Fig. 9 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 9. Incomplete fin spine with compound chondrichthyan scales that are comparable to Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007) from the Givetian of the Aragonian Pyrenees, Spain, NYSM 17790. A. Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride. B. Close-up view of associated spine, associated to compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007). C. Transversal section extracted from a reconstruction of the specimen from micro CT scan data (exposure time: 1650 ms; accelerating voltage: 65kV; current: 120 μA), showing the internal canals. D. Sections extracted from the reconstruction of the fin spine tip from micro-tomodensitometry data; lateral (D1) and dorsal (D2) views, showing the system of internal canals. E. 3D reconstructions of the fin spine tip from micro CT scan data (exposure time: 1650 ms; accelerating voltage: 65kV; current: 120 μA), in lateral (E1) and dorso-lateral (E2) views.

Fig. 6 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 6. Internal structure of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, for the adult (A–E) and the juvenile (F–H) morphotypes. A–C. NYSM 17718; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1300 ms; accelerating voltage: 75kV; current: 106 μA). A. Coronal planes angled through the crown and the base, near the lingual margin, with the base horizontal (A1) and along the plane of the cusps (A2), black arrow indicates a possible growth line in the orthodentine outer layer. B. Transverse planes through the right (B1) and the left (B2) cusps when looking from the labial side. C. Horizontal plane through the base. D–E. NYSM 17716; images acquired by SEM. D. Break facet of the right cusp when looking from the labial side. E. Close-up view of the margin of the left cusp (when looking from the labial side) (E1) and of the orthodentine external layer (E2); white arrow indicates the enamel outer layer, black arrow shows separation line between the two main orthodentine layers. F–H. NYSM 17699; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1000 ms; accelerating voltage: 70kV; current: 114 μA). F. Coronal plane angled through the crown and the base. G. Horizontal planes through the base, near the bottom of the base (G1), at about mid-base (G2), and at the bottom of the crown, underneath the forking of the cusps (G3). H. Planes along the labio-lingual axis through the left cusp (when looking from the labial side), near its median side (H1), and inbetween the two cusps (H2).

Fig. 3 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 3. Juvenile morphotype of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, USA. A. NYSM 17736, paratype, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17756, in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. NYSM 17752, in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views.

Fig. 2 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the Plattekill Formation at Cairo quarry. Chondrichthyan specimens described herein originate from the 5-m level. The fish horizon at 7.35 m corresponds to the level of the fossilized forest mentioned by Cloutier et al. (2010).

Fig. 10 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 10. Scales of Elasmobranchii indet. fam., gen. et sp. B sensu Burrow et al. 2009 from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, tentatively assigned to omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. A. NYSM 17899. B. NYSM 17898. C. NYSM 17900. D. NYSM 17958. E. NYSM 17791. F. NYSM 17796. G. NYSM 17927. H. NYSM 17795. I. NYSM 17944. J. NYSM 17798. K. NYSM 17934, white arrows indicate the superposed internal layers in the crown. L. NYSM 17918 (L1), with magnification of framed section (L2); the close-up on the bundle of fibres (L3) corresponds to the section identified by the arrow in L2. In crown (A1–J1), lateral (A2–C2, E2–H2, J2, L), postero-lateral (D2), antero-lateral (I2), and anterior (K) views.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Base width (latero-medial) (log10 (x + 1)) Fig. 5. Relationship between width and length of the tooth base for Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. Regression lines are represented for the juvenile (n = 32 teeth) and adult (n = 43 teeth) morphotypes as well as for the complete sample.

Fig. 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 1. Location of the Cairo quarry (star) (3.22 km northwest of Cairo, Greene County, 42.32° N and 74.04° W, NAD 83) in eastern New York State, USA (inset map); figure modified from Hernick et al. (2008: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 4. Adult morphotype of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, USA. A. NYSM 17715, holotype, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17714, in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. NYSM 17737, in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. NYSM 17710, in labial (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. NYSM 17701, in labial (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. NYSM 17718, in labial (F1) and lingual (F2) views. G. NYSM 17758, in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views. H. NYSM 17726, paratype, in labial (H1) and lingual (H2) views, with close-up of the vertically superposed lingual foramen (H3). I. NYSM 17719, in occlusal view (I1), with close-up of the crown (I2).

Fig. 11 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 11. Early Devonian (400 Ma) map in South Polar Mollweide projection with occurrence of remains currently assigned to the Antarctilamnidae and Portalodus. Locality numbers for the Antarctilamnidae refer to Table 1; when more than one locality are represented by the same symbol, the oldest one is depicted. Portalodus was reported in Antarctica (Young 1982; Long and Young 1995; localities 1.1–1.3 in Antarctilamnidae), South Africa (Anderson et al. 1999; locality 9 in Antarctilamnidae), and New York (this paper; locality 14 in Antarctilamnidae). Map modified from Blakey (2008: fig. 8B).

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007), attributed to Wellerodus priscus, from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A. NYSM 17785 in dorsal view. B. NYSM 17782 in dorsal (under BES mode) (B1) and dorso-lateral (B2) views. C. NYSM 17787 in dorsal view. D. NYSM 17783 in dorsal view (under BES mode). E. NYSM 17786 in rostral (E1), caudal (E2), and basal (E3) views (under BES mode).

Fig. 7 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 7. Juvenile teeth of antarctilamnid shark Wellerodus priscus from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A–D, SEM micrographs. A. NYSM 17775 in lingual (A1), occlusal (A2), labial (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17774 in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2), labial (B3), and lateral (B4) views. C. NYSM 17776 in lingual (C1), occlusal (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. NYSM 17779 in lingual? (D1) and labial? (D2) views. E–G. NYSM 17776; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1000 ms; accelerating voltage: 70kV; current: 114 μA). E. Coronal planes angled through the crown and the base, near the labial (E1) and lingual (E2) margins. F. Horizontal planes through the base, underneath the articular button (F1) and through the depression underneath the base (F2). G. Planes along the labio-lingual axis through the complete right cusp (G1) and the broken median cusp (G2) (when looking from the lingual side).

FIGURE 1 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 1. Simplified geological map of the Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Fairfield Group outcrop, Lennard Shelf, northern Canning Basin, showing sampled sites at Oscar Hill and Laurel Downs (after Druce and Radke, 1979).

FIGURE 2 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 2. Stratigraphy and correlation of Upper Devonian and Lower Carboniferous units of the Lennard Shelf (after Smith et al., 2013). Approximate temporal positions of the sampled localities: 1, OH4; 2, 198480; 3, 198404; 4, LG-1; and 5, TS-1. Abbreviations: Fm, Formation; and Lst, Limestone.

FIGURE 7 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 7. Shark teeth from the Upper Devonian Gumhole Formation, Oscar Hill and Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-2, Protacrodontidae gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.29, sample OH-4, in lingual (1) and labial (2) views; 3-5, Lissodus sp., WAM 15.6.42, sample TS-1, in lingual (3), occlusal (4) and labial (5) views; 6-7, Hybodontoidea gen. et sp. indet., WAM 15.6.41, sample TS-1, in lingual (6) and labial (7) views; 8-11, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet.1, WAM 15.6.21, sample 198404, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.20, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.27, sample 198404, in occluso-lingual view (10), and WAM 15.6.39, sample TS-1 in labial view (11); 12-13, Euselachii gen. et sp. indet. 2, WAM 15.6.40, sample TS-1, in occluso-lingual view (12) and WAM 15.6.22, sample TS-1, in labial view (13); 14-17, Holocephali gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.4, sample 198404, in occlusal view (14), and WAM 15.6.3, sample 198404, in lingual (15), labial (16) and occlusal (17) views. Scale bar length: 1-2, 0.5 mm; 3-5, 0.4 mm; 6-7, 0.75 mm; 8-10, 0.3 mm; 11, 1 mm; 12-13, 0.6 mm; 14-17, 5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 5. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-5, Cladodontomorphi indet. sp., WAM 15.6.5, sample 198404, in lingual (1), lateral (2), labial (3), basal (4) and occlusal (5) views; 6-11, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet. 1, WAM 15.6.24, sample 198404, in lingual view (6), WAM 15.6.36, sample TS-1, in lingual view (7), WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in lingual view (8), WAM 15.6.37, sample TS-1, in labial (9) and lateral (10) views, and WAM 15.6.35, sample TS-1, in labial view (11); 12-15, Ctenacanthiform gen. et sp. indet 2, WAM 15.6.3.8, in lingual (12), occlusal (13), labial (14) and basal (15) views. Scale bar length: 1-5, 10 mm; 6-11, 0.5 mm; 12-15, 5 mm.

FIGURE 4 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 4. Ctenacanthiform teeth from the Lower Carboniferous Laurel Formation, Laurel Downs, Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-7, Cladodus thomasi, WAM 15.6.50, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.25, sample 198404, in occlusal view (2), WAM 15.6.12, sample 198404, in lingual (3) and labial views (4), WAM 15.6.19, sample 198404, partial platform and crown in lingual view (5), and WAM 15.6.13, sample TS-1, in occlusal (6) and labial (7) views; 8-12, Cladodoides cf. wildungensis, WAM 15.6.15, sample 198404, in lingual (8), occlusal (9) and labial (10) views, WAM 15.6.16, sample 198404, in labial (11) and lingual (12) views. Scale bar length: 1-7, 1 mm; 8-10, 0.25 mm; 11-12, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 3. Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous shark teeth from the Lennard Shelf, Canning Basin, Western Australia. 1-4, Ageleodus sp., WAM 15.6.23, sample 198404, in lingual view (1), WAM 15.6.34, sample TS-1, in labial (2) and lingual (3) views, and WAM 15.6.33, sample TS-1, in lingual view (4); 5-7, Phoebodus cf. turnerae, WAM 15.6.28, sample OH-4, in occlusal (5), labial (6) and lateral (7) views; 8-11, Thrinacodus ferox, WAM 15.6.32, sample LG-1, in occlusal view (8), WAM 15.6.8, sample 198404, in occlusal view (9), WAM 15.6.11, sample 198404, in lateral view (10), and WAM 15.6.9, sample 198404, in occlusal view (11); 12-16, Stethacanthus? sp., WAM 15.6.6, sample 198404, in occlusal view (12), and WAM 15.6.7, sample 198404, in basal (13), lingual (14), occlusal (15) and labial (16) views. Scale bar length: 1-4, 1 mm; 5-7, 0.5 mm; 8-11, 0.25 mm; 12, 0.5 mm; 13-16, 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 8 in Late Devonian and Early Carboniferous chondrichthyans from the Fairfield Group, Canning Basin, Western Australia

FIGURE 8. Maps depicting common taxa between the Canning Basin and other areas in Gondwana and Laurentia for the Late Devonian (1, Frasnian and Famennian chondrichthyans - * indicating Frasnian age, ^ indicating Famennian age) and Early Carboniferous (2, Tournaisian to Visean) (base map modified from Scotese and McKerrow, 1990; Golonka et al., 1994; Metcalfe, 2011). Abbreviations: A, Khor Virap and Erytch, Armenia; Ai, Carnarvon Basin, Australia; Aii, Canning Basin, Australia; Aiii, Burdekin Star, Australia; Aiv, Broken River, Australia; B, Belgium; Ch, Hunan, South China; F, Montagne Noire, France; G, Thuringia, Germany; I, Chahriseh, Dalmeh, Hojedk, Hutk, and Kale-Sardar, Iran; Ir, Kilbride, Ireland: M, Tafilalt, Morocco; N, Nevada, Utah, and New Mexico, North America; P, Holy Cross Mountains, Poland; and R, South Urals, Russia. Sources of information: Armenia (Ginter et al., 2011), Australia (Turner and Dring, 1981; Turner, 1982; Trinajstic, 2001; Trinajstic and George, 2009; Roelofs et al., 2015), Royseux, Belgium (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), China (Wang and Turner, 1985; Ginter and Sun 2007), France (Derycke-Khatir et al., 2005), Germany (Ginter, 1999), Iran (Long and Hairapetian, 2000; Ginter et al., 2002; Hairapetian and Ginter, 2010), Ireland (Duncan, 2003), Morocco (Ginter et al., 2002; Derycke et al., 2008), North America (Ginter, 2001; Ivanov and Lucas, 2011), Poland (Ginter, 1990, 1995; Ginter and Ivanov, 2000), Russia (Ginter, 1994; Ginter and Ivanov, 1992, 2000; Ivanov, 1996), and South China (Lelièvre and Derycke, 1998).